Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolution in the Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis (McAllister, 1963)

Vision plays a crucial role in the life of the vast majority of vertebrate species. The spatial arrangement of retinal ganglion cells has been reported to be related to a species’ visual behavior. There are many studies focusing on the ganglion cell topography in bony fish species. However, there are still large gaps in our knowledge on the subject. We studied the topography of retinal ganglion cells (GCs) in the Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis, a highly visual teleostean fish with a complex life cycle. DAPI labeling was used to visualize cell nuclei in the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The ganglion cell layer was relatively thin (about 6-8 μm), even in areas of increased cell density (area retinae temporalis), and was normally composed of a single layer of cells. In all retinal regions, rare cells occurred in the inner plexiform layer. Nissl-stained retinae were used to estimate the proportion of displaced amacrine cells and glia in different retinal regions. In all retinal regions, about 84.5% of cells in the GC layer were found to be ganglion cells. The density of GCs varied across the retina in a regular way. It was minimum (3990 and 2380 cells/mm² in the smaller and larger fish, respectively) in the dorsal and ventral periphery. It gradually increased centripetally and reached a maximum of 14,275 and 10,960 cells/mm² (in the smaller and larger fish, respectively) in the temporal retina, where a pronounced area retinae temporalis was detected. The total number of GCs varied from 177 × 10³ (smaller fish) to 212 × 10³ cells (larger fish). The theoretical anatomical spatial resolution (the anatomical estimate of the upper limit of visual acuity calculated from the density of GCs and eye geometry and expressed in cycles per degree) was minimum in the ventral periphery (smaller fish, 1.46 cpd; larger fish, 1.26 cpd) and maximum in area retinae temporalis (smaller fish, 2.83 cpd; larger fish, 2.75 cpd). The relatively high density of GCs and the presence of area retinae temporalis in the Japanese smelt are consistent with its highly visual behavior. The present findings contribute to our understanding of the factors affecting the topography of retinal ganglion cells and visual acuity in fish.     

丹龙定喘汤对哮喘豚鼠气道重塑的作用及机制研究

目的初步探析丹龙定喘汤对哮喘豚鼠气道重塑的作用及机制。方法选取健康雌性豚鼠24只,按体质量分层随机分为4组：空白对照组、模型对照组、地塞米松组、丹龙定喘汤组,每组6只。采用卵蛋白致敏法建立豚鼠哮喘气道重塑模型,以丹龙定喘汤干预,并以地塞米松做对照药物,治疗1个月后分别检测气道重塑的程度及豚鼠肺组织中转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）含量。结果 （1）模型对照组豚鼠肺支气管管壁和平滑肌层明显增厚,与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;丹龙定喘汤组气道壁厚度减轻,与模型对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,与地塞米松组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（2）模型对照组豚鼠肺组织中的TGF-β1含量明显增加,与空白对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;丹龙定喘汤组TGF-β1含量减少,与模型对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,与地塞米松组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论丹龙定喘汤对哮喘豚鼠气道重塑有一定抑制作用,其机制可能是通过下调哮喘豚鼠肺组织中的TGF-β1水平,抑制气道平滑肌细胞及细胞外基质的增殖而阻断气道重塑的进程。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期合并肺结核感染的治疗方法及其疗效探讨

目的：探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive lung disease,COPD)急性期合并肺结核感染的治疗方法及其疗效。方法：选取2014年2月至2016年2月我院收治的老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期合并肺结核感染的患者92例,根据治疗方式随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予COPD对症支持治疗和抗肺结核治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用痰热清,比较两组患者治疗有效率、痰培养阴转率以及肝肾损害情况的差异。结果：治疗组患者治疗后痰培养阴转率(36例,85.71%)与对照组(41例,82.0%)的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗后的症状积分均低于治疗前,且差异具有统计学差异(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后的症状积分(85.62±11.37)低于对照组(91.25±12.38),且差异具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后痊愈2例(4.76%),显效26例(61.90%),有效10例(23.81%),无效4例(9.52%);对照组治疗后痊愈1例(2.0%),显效17例(34.0%),有效22例(44.0%),无效10例(20.0%);治疗组治疗疗效明显优于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后发生肝肾损害14例,对照组11例,两组患者治疗后肝肾损害发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：在不影响痰培养阴转率和不加重肝肾负担的情况下,老年COPD急性期合并肺结核感染患者接受一般性治疗的同时进行中医治疗,其疗效更为显著。     

刘霞教授“调肺平肝”论治儿童多发性抽动症经验

儿童多发性抽动症近年来发病率有逐年增高的趋势,严重影响患儿的身心健康和生活质量。刘霞教授是第六批全国老中医药专家学术经验指导老师,对儿童多发性抽动症的治疗有丰富的临床经验。刘霞教授结合自己多年临床体会,提出儿童多发性抽动症病机“本在肝,发于肺”,从“风、痰”立论,采用“调肺平肝,祛风除痰”之法,以辛夷、蝉蜕、芦根、大青叶、冬凌草、木瓜、半夏、伸筋草、钩藤、全蝎等作为基本药物组成,并依据不同的证候特点随症加减治疗儿童多发性抽动症,疗效满意。她认为本病来渐去缓,取法贵在守法守方,遵效不更方的原则,坚持治疗。此外,治疗中的生活调理十分重要,应注意生活起居、饮食及心理方面的调护,重在预防呼吸道感染,力求祛除发病之诱因。     

小儿止哮平喘颗粒对动物模型止咳化痰平喘作用的实验研究

目的观察小儿止哮平喘颗粒对动物模型的止咳化痰平喘作用。方法以咳嗽、喘憋潜伏期,酚红排泌为指标,观察小儿止哮平喘颗粒对小鼠氨水引咳模型及气管段酚红法、豚鼠整体动物药物引喘模型的影响。结果西药对照组、中浓度组、高浓度组引喘时间及跌倒时间与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;对照组、低及中浓度组酚红浓度与高浓度组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论小儿止哮平喘颗粒对动物模型小鼠具有止咳化痰平喘作用。     

痰热壅肺证的胸部CT表现

目的:了解痰热壅肺证患者胸部CT表现特点。方法:取中医辨证为痰热壅肺证病例100例,分析其胸部螺旋CT及高分辨CT扫描表现,包括肺部病变表现的部位、特点、性质及伴随的胸部其他病变。并将中医诊察结果和CT所见进行比较。结果:100例中1例胸部CT正常,99例可见到包括9种肺部或胸膜等多种病变,包括肺部炎症、肺气肿、肺大泡、支气管扩张、肺间质纤维化、肺部肿瘤、胸腔积液等;在59.6%的病例中都有2~3种病变共存。肺部炎症最多共72例(72.7%),其中单纯肺部炎症者仅20例(27.8%),其余52例(72.2%)均与其他肺部改变共存。肺部炎症的左右肺分布无明显差异,但位于两肺下叶者要显著多于上叶及中叶(χ2=15,P<0.01)。在中医诊察的脉象、舌诊、痰色的结果中,都与CT上的炎症表现有显著相关。结论:痰热壅肺证的CT表现以肺部炎症最多见,与中医诊察结果相关。中医诊察结果和CT表现上的这种联系,有助于提高对痰热壅肺证的诊疗水平。     

Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)

The river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), one of the closest extant relatives to cetaceans, is a large African even‐toed ungulate (Artiodactyla) that grazes and has a semiaquatic lifestyle. Given its unusual phenotype, ecology, and evolutionary history, we sought to measure the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cell density using stereology and retinal wholemounts. We estimated a total of 243,000 ganglion cells of which 3.4% (8,300) comprise alpha cells. The topographic distribution of both total and alpha cells reveal a dual topographic organization of a temporal and nasal area embedded within a well‐defined horizontal streak. Using maximum density of total ganglion cells and eye size (35 mm, axial length), we estimated upper limits of spatial resolving power of 8 cycles/deg (temporal area, 1,800 cells/mm²), 7.7 cycles/deg (nasal area, 1,700 cells/mm²), and 4.2 cycles/deg (horizontal streak, 250 cells/mm²). Enhanced resolution of the temporal area toward the frontal visual field may facilitate grazing, while resolution of the horizontal streak and nasal area may help the discrimination of objects (predators, conspecifics) in the lateral and posterior visual fields, respectively. Given the presumed role of alpha cells to detect brisk transient stimuli, their similar distribution to the total ganglion cell population may facilitate the detection of approaching objects in equivalent portions of the visual field. Our finding of a nasal area in the river hippopotamus retina supports the notion that this specialization may enhance visual sampling in the posterior visual field to compensate for limited neck mobility as suggested for rhinoceroses and cetaceans.     

中药不同配伍对急性痛风性关节炎模型MMP-3的影响

目的观察急性痛风性关节炎模型关节液的基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-3）的变化及清肝祛瘀和补脾肾清热利湿方药对MMP-3的影响。方法60只动物随机分为正常对照组、模型组、清肝祛瘀饮组、补脾肾清热利湿饮组、秋水仙碱组及贝速清组,每组10只。各组给予相应药物后用ELISA酶联免疫法测定大鼠右踝关节内MMP-3浓度。结果模型组与正常对照组比较,MMP-3值明显升高（P〈0.05）,其余各组与模型组比较,MMP-3含量均降低（P〈0.05）。结论清肝祛瘀和补脾肾清热利湿方药能有效降低急性痛风性关节炎大鼠模型踝关节液中的MMP-3水平,对急性痛风性关节炎有较好的防治作用。     

原发性高血压中医证候与颈动脉硬化相关性研究

目的:探讨原发性高血压中医证候与颈动脉硬化的关系。方法:对333例原发性高血压患者辨证分为9组,并对其中327例患者行颈动脉超声。同时根据本虚标实辨证原则,再分为单纯实证、单纯虚证和虚实夹杂证三种类型;根据夹痰、夹瘀的不同,又分为夹痰证、夹瘀证、夹痰夹瘀证和非夹痰夹瘀证四种类型。研究中医辨证各组颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的差异。结果:夹痰夹瘀证颈动脉IMT大于夹瘀证(P<0.05)。结论:中医痰证可促进原发性高血压颈动脉硬化的发展。