再论妊娠期糖尿病与胎儿生长发育

目的 研究妊娠期糖尿病与胎儿生长发育中糖代谢特点的关系。方法 选择妊娠期糖尿病25例（GDM组），正常孕妇20例（对照组），分别测孕妇空腹血糖、糖耐量、C肽、IGF－I、新生儿出生2h内空腹血糖，并依据新生儿出生体重分为大于胎龄儿组（LGA组，≥4000g），适于胎龄儿组（AGA组，2500－3999g)。结果 C肽及新生儿出生2h内空腹血糖GDM组与对照组差异有显著性；糖耐量各时点血糖值餐后2h血糖值LGA和AGA组差异有显著性。结论 血糖始终是影响胎儿生长发育的重要因素，孕妇餐后2h血糖水平与巨大儿的发生呈正相关。     

妊高征合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓者胎盘病理改变与血管细胞粘附分子-1表达水平的关系

目的探讨妊高征(PIH)合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)时胎盘病理改变与胎盘组织中血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1)表达水平变化的关系。方法选取本院2001年1~9月分娩的妊高征合并IUGR患者(实验组)胎盘30例、单纯IUGR(IUGR组)28例、单纯PIH(PIH组)25例、正常妊娠(正常妊娠组)30例,常规HE染色及PAS染色,观察胎盘形态学变化。利用免疫组化方法对胎盘组织切片染色,观察子宫蜕膜层中螺旋动脉、绒毛组织滋养细胞及绒毛中毛细血管的VCAM-1表达。结果实验组中22例(73.33%)胎盘有明显病理改变,有病理改变的胎盘蜕膜组织内血管内皮细胞及胎盘绒毛毛细血管内皮VCAM-1的表达显著高于无病理改变者(P<0.001);而绒毛上皮组织滋养层细胞VCAM-1的表达则显著低于无病理改变者(P=0.019)。结论妊高征合并IUGR时胎盘发生了明显的病理改变,这种病理改变与胎盘中VCAM-1的异常表达密切相关。     

超声对宫角妊娠的诊断及治疗意义

目的 探讨对误诊率高，危害大的罕见特殊部位宫角妊娠的诊断和治疗。方法 对我院1991-2001年收治的宫角妊娠临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 宫角妊娠17例中误诊宫内妊娠行人流失败4例。13例行腹部手术，3例行B超监视下人流术，1例行子宫动脉栓塞术。结论 宫角妊娠临床诊断困难，误诊率高，破裂后造成迅猛的腹腔内出血，应提高对少见部位宫角妊娠的认识，减少孕妇死亡。     

小水囊在小月份中期妊娠引产中的应用价值

目的探讨两种引产方法在小月份中期妊娠中的应用。方法40例年龄18．35岁，停经12．17wk，要求引产的病例随机分为两组各20例，分别用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇引产，米非司酮配伍米索加用小水囊联合引产终止妊娠。结果两种引产方法对比分析，从引产至临产时间、总产程、出血量及失败率、住院时间比较，差异有显著性，从清宫率和感染率方面比较，两组无显著差异。结论双米加用小水囊应用于小月份中孕引产是一种高效、安全、经济的引产手段，值得临床推广。     

Insulin binding to trophoblast plasma membranes and placental glycogen content in well-controlled gestational diabetic women treated with diet or insulin,in well-controlled overt diabetic patients and in healthy control subjects

Summary Insulin binding to trophoblast plasma membranes and the placental glycogen content were measured in twelve healthy women, in eleven well-controlled gestational diabetic women who were treated either with diet alone (n=4) or with insulin (n=7) and in 18 women with well-controlled overt diabetes mellitus (six White B; four White C; eight White D). The competitive binding assay was carried out with 22 concentrations of unlabelled insulin. Binding data were analysed by a non-linear direct model fitting procedure assuming one non-cooperative binding site. Maximum specific binding was unchanged in the total collective of gestational diabetic women, but was decreased by 30% in those treated with diet (6.2±2.2%) and increased by 90% in insulin-treated women (16.4±10.2%) as compared to the control subjects (8.7±2.5%). The diet-treated women had only 40% as many and those treated with insulin had more than twice as many receptors compared to control subjects on a per mg protein basis and if expressed per total placenta. In patients with overt diabetes mellitus maximum specific binding (18.5±10.6 %) was higher (p<0.05) due to more receptors compared to control subjects but was similar to the insulin-treated gestational diabetic patients. Maximum specific binding and receptor concentrations did not correlate linearly with maternal plasma insulin levels. Receptor affinities were virtually similar in all groups (1.8·10⁹ l/mol). The placental glycogen content was reduced (p<0.05) to about 80% of that of control subjects in the diet-treated collective, whereas it was unchanged compared to control subjects in the insulin-treated gestational diabetic women despite a 40% increase (p<0.001) of the maternal-to-cord serum glucose ratio. In overt diabetic patients the maternal-to-cord serum glucose ratio and the placental glycogen content were higher (p<0.05) than in the control subjects. We conclude that trophoblast plasma membranes from gestational diabetic women treated with diet alone express less and those from women treated with insulin express more insulin receptors than those from a healthy control group in vitro. These differences could not have been disclosed without consideration of the mode of treatment. Trophoblast plasma membranes from overt diabetic women have more insulin receptors than those from healthy control subjects.     

Postpartum acute myocardial infarction

We report a postpartum acute myocardial infarction that occurred during the first week after cesarean section delivery. We also calculated the rate of postpartum myocardial infarction as related to all women with myocardial infarctions seen in our hospital.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1553-5.)     

Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques in clinical genetics: use of two alphoid repeat probes detecting the centromeres of chromosomes 13 and 21 or chromosomes 14 and 22, respectively

Two cloned DNA fragments, one derived from an alpha satellite subfamily common to chromosomes 13 and 21, and the other derived from a similar subfamily common to chromosomes 14 and 22, have been used as biotinylated probes in in situ hybridization studies. Under high stringency conditions, chromosome specific centromeric labelling can be obtained. The applications of this technique in clinical situations are illustrated on metaphases from a fetus with trisomy 21, a fetus with trisomy 13, and a child with clinical features of cat-eye syndrome.     

Air Embolism Death of a Pregnant Woman Secondary to Orogenital Sex

Air embolism produced by vaginal insufflation is an unusual but potentially lethal consequence of sexual activity, especially in the pregnant patient. Reported here is the case of a young pregnant woman who presented to the ED in full cardiac arrest, with little history to explain her condition. Despite aggressive resuscitative measures, the patient died, but her infant son was delivered via perimortem cesarean section and survived. A high level of suspicion for air embolism should be maintained for young women who unexpectedly develop cardiac arrest, particularly during sexual activity. Air embolism patients may require vigorous medical resuscitation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, or surgical intervention to survive. The emergency physician should be familiar with the indications for perimortem cesarean delivery in the third-trimester patient presenting to the ED with cardiac arrest.     

Burns during pregnancy: a gloomy outcome

The effect of burns on fetal and maternal survival is known to be detrimental. This prospective study describes the performance of pregnant burned patients who were managed and followed up for fetal and maternal outcomes at Ain Shams University's burn unit and Maternity Hospital during the period from October 1995 to September 1996. During the 12-month period, 27 pregnant burned patients were managed. Fetal and maternal mortality correlated with the total body surface area (TBSA) burned, the mortality rate being 63 per cent for both mothers and fetuses in the 25–50 per cent TBSA group. A fetal loss of 56 per cent with no maternal loss were recorded in the 15–25 per cent TBSA group. Experience in dealing with pregnant burned patients proves that early surgical excision and skin grafting, with timely termination of pregnancy are the best lines of treatment. Prevention or minimizing the effects of the burns may be achieved by proper education and guidance of the pregnant woman.     

Association analysis of CA repeat polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with essential hypertension in Japanese

The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene is thought to be associated with essential hypertension (EH), because NO is implicated in endothelium-mediated vasodilation. We investigated the possible association between the alleles of simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism of the endothelial constitutive NOS (cNOS) gene and EH in Japanese subjects. In all, 100 patients with EH and 123 subjects with normal blood pressure were studied. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the CA repeat site in the endothelial cNOS gene and alleles based on the CA repeat number were determined. The allele frequencies in the hypertensive group and normotensive group were then compared. Twenty-three alleles were identified in this study of Japanese subjects. The overall distributions of allele frequencies in the two groups were not significantly different. However, comparing the allele frequencies in the EH group without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the normotensive group, the overall distributions were significantly different (p = 0.019). The 33-repeat allele was found more frequently in the EH group without LVH than in the normotensive group (p = 0.000047, Odds ratio = 3.71). In conclusion, the 33-repeat allele of the endothelial cNOS gene is associated with EH without LVH, and may be a genetic marker of EH in Japanese subjects.