What Motivates Participation and Dropout Among Low‐Income Urban Families of Color in a Prevention Intervention?*

Low‐income urban parents of color enrolled in a parent training study were interviewed to understand what motivated their participation and what led 30% of them to subsequently drop out. Most enrolled because they wanted to be better parents. Most dropped out because of time and schedule constraints. Retention was higher when parents' motivations for participation matched program goals. Program location and qualities of the recruiter were cited most often as important; financial compensation was cited least often as important.     

老年人主观认知下降与慢性病共病的相关性分析

背景 主观认知下降（SCD）是阿尔茨海默病（AD）早期预防的目标阶段,AD与慢性病共病关系密切,但二者间相关性尚不十分明确。目的 探究老年人SCD与慢性病共病的相关性,为AD早期预防和干预提供理论依据。方法 于2021年1月至2022年6月,在广州市城市生活小区和养老机构以便利抽样法抽取≥60岁的老年人612例。采用基础版蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA-B）、临床痴呆量表（CDR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表（HIS）评定客观认知功能水平,通过SCD标准诊断框架和SCD问卷（SCD-Q9）进行分组,将整体客观认知水平无异常、符合SCD标准诊断框架和SCD-Q9≥5分的老年人分入SCD组,将整体客观认知功能无异常和SCD-Q9<5分的老年人为认知无异常（CN）组。采用一般资料问卷收集老年人的社会人口学（性别、年龄、居住地、受教育年限、婚姻状况、退休前职业类型、月收入）和健康相关资料[体质指数、腰围、吸烟习惯、饮酒习惯、饮茶习惯、锻炼频率、午觉习惯及平均时长、睡眠质量、抑郁及焦虑症状、日常生活活动能力（ADL）],其中睡眠质量、抑郁症状、焦虑症状及ADL分别采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表...     

新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控与慢性病管理

新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控期间,各国出现了不同程度的常规医疗服务减少情况,慢性病管理工作也相应受到影响。2022年12月,中国调整了新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控相关政策和方案,医疗卫生系统面临挑战,基层医疗压力增加。在此情况下,本文基于其他国家经验,建议中国基层医疗应注重开展慢性病患者的自我管理,并为复杂和高需求的慢性病患者提供主动服务,加强对远程医疗的应用与研究,强化基层服务的社区连接,重点完善医疗服务的补偿机制。     

Extramarital Involvement: A Core Relationship Issue in Need of a Coherent Model, Comprehensive Research, and Empirically Based Intervention

Clinical interventions for extramarital involvement (EMI) have outpaced empirical knowledge about both risk factors for infidelity and effective treatments. Allen et al. (this issue) provide a systematic review of current knowledge organized around stages of the development of EMI and factors concerning the involved partner, the spouse, the couple's relationship, and the interpersonal context. Their review identifies significant gaps in knowledge for which research is needed. Because EMI has multiple determinants, conceptual models and research on it must be multivariate. This comment focuses on priorities for increasing knowledge about EMI, including (a) clarification of variation in definitions and personal standards for EMI through consideration of participants' subjective experiences as well as the views of outsiders (researchers, clinicians); (b) improved qualitative research using interview methods designed to minimize biased questioning by investigators and biased reporting by subjects, to tap individuals' internal experiences with the developmental process of EMI; (c) nonblaming research on characteristics of the noninvolved spouse and the couple's interaction that predict EMI; and (d) adaptation of generic preventive and relationship enrichment interventions for couples involving communication skill-building and psychoeducation, to include information about ways to "inoculate" relationships against commonly unexpected risks of EMI.     

In-vitro oocyte maturation: some questions concerning the initiation and prevention of this process in humans

Human oocytes isolated from healthy non-preovulatory antralfollicles which had not been stimulated spontaneously resumedmeiosis at a low rate (31%) when compared with those from atreticfollicles (73%). Human follicular fluid did not inhibit spontaneousmaturation of rat oocytes in vitro, regardless of the qualityor maturity of the follicle or the treatment of the patient.In the human, oocyte maturation may involve a stimulatory processas well as a removal of inhibition.     

Implication of biofilm formation in the persistence of urinary tract infection caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is the most frequent microorganism involved in urinary tract infection (UTI). Acute UTI caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) can lead to recurrent infection, which can be defined as either re-infection or relapse. E. coli strains causing relapse (n = 27) and re-infection (n = 53) were analysed. In-vitro production of biofilm, yersiniabactin and aerobactin was significantly more frequent among strains causing relapse. Biofilm assays may be helpful in selecting patients who require a therapeutic approach to eradicate persistent biofilm-forming E. coli strains and prevent subsequent relapses.     

Prevention of work‐related airway allergies; summary of the advice from the Health Council of the Netherlands

The Health Council of the Netherlands published a report in which the best procedure and method for recommending health‐based occupational exposure limits (OELs) for inhaled allergens were identified by evaluating the scientific state of the art. Many respiratory disorders in the workplace arise from inhalation of substances which can cause allergy. To protect workers against respiratory allergy, various preventive measures are taken, one of them being reduction of exposure by setting legally binding standards. These are based on health‐based OELs that specify a level of exposure to an airborne substance, a threshold level, below which it may reasonably be expected that there is no risk of adverse health effects. The Council is of the opinion that an OEL should prevent against allergic sensitization, as sensitization plays a crucial biological role and is a prerequisite for the development of allergy. Furthermore, the Council considers it most likely that the exposure level below which no allergic sensitization develops for most allergens is so low, that OELs are difficult to set with the current knowledge and technical feasibilities. An alternative approach is to accept exposure, which carries a small predefined risk in developing allergic sensitization. In addition, it is worth considering periodic screening of exposed workers on allergic sensitization, because timely intervention can prevent worse. The feasibility of periodic screening and what else is needed to comply with the most important criteria, should however be judged case‐by‐case.     

Elective single day 3 embryo transfer halves the twinning rate without decrease in the ongoing pregnancy rate of an IVF/ICSI programme

BACKGROUND: Data on the effect of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) on the total and multiple pregnancy rates of an IVF/ICSI programme are reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective cohort analysis of eSET was carried out over a 4 year period. A total of 1559 cycles resulted in 1464 transfers; 299 transfers of one top quality embryo (20.4%) and 86 of one non-top quality embryo (5.9%) yielded 149 conceptions (49.8%) with 105 ongoing pregnancies (35.1%) and 26 conceptions (30.2%) with 19 ongoing implantations (22.1%) respectively; 1079 transfers of two (n = 853; 58.3%) or more than two (n = 226; 15.4%) embryos yielded 366 ongoing pregnancies (33.9%). The ongoing pregnancy rates for the years between 1998 and 2001 were 35.9, 27.9, 31.9 and 31.0% per oocyte retrieval and 38.5, 29.4, 34.1 and 33.2% per transfer. There were no differences in pregnancy rates between any of the years. The average ongoing pregnancy rate (>12 weeks) over the 4 years was 31.5% per started cycle and 33.5% per transfer; the average number of embryos transferred decreased from 2.26 (1998) to 1.79 (2001); the multiple pregnancy and twinning rates dropped from 33.6 and 29.5% (1998) to 18.6 and 16.3% (2001) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Judicious application of eSET can halve the twinning rate while maintaining the overall pregnancy rate.     

Inhibitory effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in mice

The present study was designed to determine whether tumor induction by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, can be inhibited by oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LC). C3H/HeN mice were divided into four groups and assigned to the following treatments: treated with MC and given control or LC-containing diet; treated with vehicle only and given control or LC-containing diet. MC (1 mg) was injected intradermally at 7 weeks of age and the tumor incidence was monitored; LC was mixed into a diet at a concentration of 0.05% (w/w) and the diet was fed from the day of MC injection throughout the study. Spleen cells were analyzed for the immune parameters at 12 and 16 weeks after the MC injection. Oral feeding of mice with LC reduced tumor incidence (P < 0.05). MC treatment lowered the in vitro response to concanavalin A (Con A) of spleen cells, the secretion of interleukin-2 in spleen cell culture after stimulation of the cells with Con A and the proportions of CD3⁺, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ splenic cells. However, the analysis of the spleen cells obtained from the mice treated with MC and given the LC-containing diet revealed that these disrupted host immune parameters were maintained at the level of normal controls. These results suggest that oral feeding of mice with LC inhibits MC-induced tumorigenesis by modulating the disrupted host immune responses during MC carcinogenesis. Received: 14 April 1999     

Effect of melatonin in the prevention of post-operative adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn adhesion model

BACKGROUND: Our main aim was to investigate the effects of melatonin (ME), possibly the most powerful free-radical scavenger, on the prevention of i.p. adhesion formation in rat uterine horn. Our secondary aim was to determine whether different methods of administration of ME were beneficial. METHODS: Animals were randomly assigned into seven groups, each consisting of 13 rats. Measured serosal injury was created using a standard technique. While control and two sham groups were not given ME, two of the remaining four groups were given a single dose of 10 mg/kg (2 mg) of ME i.p. immediately after injury and 30 min prior to injury respectively. In the two other groups, ME treatment was continued daily for 5 days. All animals were killed 2 weeks after surgery and adhesions were determined and scored by a examiner blinded to the test. RESULTS: The extent, severity and total scores of adhesion were found to be significantly reduced in all of the ME treatment groups when compared with control and sham groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that even single dose ME therapy was effective in the prevention of post- operative i.p. adhesion formation.