Accuracy in precordial ECG lead placement: Improving performance through a peer-led educational intervention

Background and objectives

Inaccurate electrocardiography (ECG) lead placement may lead to erroneous diagnoses, such as poor R wave progression. We sought to assess the accuracy of precordial ECG lead placement amongst hospital staff members, and to re-evaluate performance after an educational intervention.

Postpartum intrauterine device contraception: A review

AIM: To review the safety (infection, perforation) and efficacy (expulsion, continuation rates, pregnancy) of intrauterine device (IUD) insertion in the postpartum period. METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies of IUD insertions at different times during the postpartum period. Time of insertion during the postpartum period was documented specifically, immediate post placenta period (within 10 min), early post placenta period (10 min to 72 h), and delayed/interval period (greater than 6 wk). Other study variables included mode of delivery, vaginal vs cesarean, manual vs use of ring forceps to insert the IUD. RESULTS: IUD insertion in the immediate postpartum (within 10 min of placental delivery), early postpartum (10 min up to 72 h) and Interval/Delayed (6 wk onward) were found to be safe and efficacious. Expulsion rates were found to be highest in the immediate postpartum groups ranging from 14% to 27%. Immediate post placental insertion found to have expulsion rates that ranged from 3.6% to 16.2%. Expulsion rate was significantly higher after insertion following vaginal vs cesarean delivery. The rates of infection, perforation and unplanned pregnancy following postpartum IUD insertion are low. Method of insertion such as with ring forceps, by hand, or another placement method unique to the type of IUD did not show any significant difference in expulsion rates. Uterine perforations are highest in the delayed/interval IUD insertion groups.Breastfeeding duration and infant development are not affected by delayed/interval insertion of the non-hormonal (copper) IUD or the Levonorgestrel IUD. Timing of the Levonorgestrel IUD insertion may affect breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: IUD insertion is safe and efficacious during the immediate postpartum, early postpartum and delayed postpartum periods. Expulsion rates are highest after vaginal delivery and when inserted during the immediate postpartum period. IUD associated infection rates were not increased by insertion during the postpartum period over interval insertion rates. There is no evidence that breastfeeding is negatively affected by postpartum insertion of copper or hormone-secreting IUD. Although perforation rates were higher when inserted after lactation was initiated. Randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the consequence of lactation on postpartum insertion. Despite the concerns regarding expulsion, perforation and breastfeeding, current evidence indicates that a favorable risk benefit ratio in support of postpartum IUD insertion. This may be particularly relevant for women for whom barriers exist in achieving desired pregnancy spacing.     

Strategies and determinants for selection of alternate foot placement during human locomotion: influence of spatial and temporal constraints

During locomotion in a cluttered terrain, certain terrain surfaces such as an icy one are not appropriate for foot placement; an alternate choice is required. In a previous study we showed that the selection of foot placement is not random but systematic; the dominant choices made are not uniquely defined by the available or predicted sensory inputs. We argued that selection is guided by specific rules and involves minimal displacement of the foot from its normal landing spot. The experimental protocol involved implicit spatial constraint by requiring individuals to step on the force plate that could trigger a lighted area to be avoided, thereby requiring individuals to respond within one step-cycle. Alternate foot placement was visually identified, but not measured. The purpose of this study was to directly measure foot placement, validate and/or refine the rules used to guide selection, and identify whether the alternate foot placement choices are influenced by spatial and temporal constraints on response selection. The area to be avoided was visible from the start and therefore individuals could plan and implement appropriate avoidance strategies without any temporal constraint. Spatial constraint introduced in this experiment included requirement both to step on a specific location and to avoid stepping on a specific location on the next step. The results provide support for the rules previously identified in guiding foot placement to an alternate location. Minimal displacement of the foot from its normal landing spot was validated as an important factor for selecting alternate foot placement. When several choices satisfied this factor, additional factors guide alternate foot placement. Modifications in the plane of progression are preferred while stepping wide is avoided. When no temporal constraints are imposed on the response selection, enhancing forward progression of the body becomes the dominant determinant followed by stability and lastly by energy costs associated with the modifications. A decision algorithm for selecting foot placement is proposed based on these findings. It is clear that while visual input plays a critical role in guiding foot placement, it is not entirely based on reactive control. This has implications for implementing visually guided adaptive locomotion in legged robots.     

肾动脉支架植入术治疗肾动脉狭窄疗效及安全性评价探讨

目的分析和探讨肾动脉支架植入术治疗肾动脉狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法选取80例肾动脉造影提示单侧或双侧肾动脉狭窄≥50%的患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组各40例。对照组采用内科保守治疗,治疗组在此基础上加植入肾动脉支架治疗。结果 40例治疗组支架放置位置准确,肾动脉血液循环良好,无夹层残余和狭窄,支架通畅率100%。血压治愈总有效率为95%;对照组血压治愈总有效率为55%,两组患者血压改善例数比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患者肾功能治愈率75%,对照组患者肾功能治愈率40%,两组患者肾功能改善比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肾动脉支架置入术临床疗效肯定,手术成功率高,安全有效。     

观看3D 电视前后的脑电变化与电极层次性布局

通过观看3D电视前后闭眼的脑电信号变化,寻找3D电视诱发的各脑区变化最明显的区域,由此研究3D电视健康评估体系专用的脑电极布局方法。选取40名身体健康,年龄在21～23岁的男性志愿者,按连续和间断两种实验模式平均分为两组,观看等长时间的3D电视,记录观看电视前后及整个过程的脑电信号;通过比较观看前后各通道间的闭眼脑电信号中α、β、θ波的3个波段相对能量、R值和A/B值的变化,统计各脑区具有统计学差异的通道数量,以分析各脑区变化的情况。由α、β、θ波的相对能量以及A/B值和R值对两组实验脑电信号分析,视觉区及其附近区域有统计学差异的通道有视觉枕区O1、O2通道及其附近的左顶P3通道、右后颞T6通道,额区及其附近有统计学差异的通道有前额FP2和左额F3通道,其余脑区中的中央区只有C4通道具有统计学差异。在3D电视诱发的脑区变化中,视觉区有最为明显的变化,额区有较为明显的变化,中央区局部略有变化。     

脊柱内固定椎弓根螺钉置入后生物力学的稳定性

背景：椎弓根螺钉内固定系统由于具有牢固的三维固定效果、良好的生物力学稳定性以及较好的复位和矫正畸形作用,被广泛用于脊柱外科,但椎弓根螺钉系统松动、折断及螺钉拔出等并发症仍是导致内固定手术失败的主要原因。 目的：分析脊柱内固定植入物椎弓根钉的生物力学及稳定性探索。 方法：应用计算机检索万方、维普和PubMed数据库中1999年1月至2011年12月关于椎弓根钉植入后生物力学评价相关的文章,以“椎弓根钉,脊柱,内固定,稳定性,生物相容性”为关键词进行检索。选择脊柱内固定植入物生物力学及评价相关的文献,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到260篇文献,根据纳入标准选择40篇文章进行综合分析。 结果与结论：要提高椎弓根螺钉系统对脊柱固定的稳定性,可通过改进内固定材料、设计和操作技术以分散固定界面应力,但对螺钉的改进受椎弓根和椎体大小的限制,如何从内固定系统装置上来增强固定效果,有待进一步研究。作者认为椎弓根螺钉植入后的稳定性评价应该结合动物实验和临床研究,包括椎弓根螺钉材质、置入位置、角度、固定装置等因素,还应该针对患者个体化因素进行,即对椎弓根螺钉置入遵循个体化原则,对每一个不同的椎弓根施以不同的置钉入点、方向及螺钉。     

透视引导与机器人辅助椎弓根置钉效果的荟萃分析

文题释义： 透视引导：在椎弓根置钉时,患者需要在手术前拍摄椎体左、右侧斜位,正、侧位平片及CT、MRI 等影像学检查去了解椎弓根的形态及其与神经结构和椎动脉的关系,进一步确定椎体是否有解剖变异,用以上透视检查方法来预测椎弓根螺钉的长度和直径、螺钉的置入点及角度。 椎弓根置钉：椎弓根剖面呈椭圆形,周围是皮质骨,中心有少许骨松质,后部几乎全是皮质骨,所以椎弓根是脊椎中最为坚硬的部分,是对脊柱进行操作和制动的有效作用点,椎弓根置钉是通过椎弓根将螺钉拧入椎体,让脊柱达到较好的三维固定。在椎弓根置钉时,椎弓根螺钉的长度和直径,螺钉的置入点及角度的选择非常重要。 背景：传统透视引导椎弓根螺钉内固定螺钉置入准确度不高,容易导致严重的手术并发症。为了降低手术并发症及提高手术成功率,机器人辅助技术应运而生。 目的：通过Meta分析比较机器人辅助与透视引导椎弓根置钉效果的差异。 方法：检索包括2008年12月至2018年12月在国内外发表的有关机器人辅助与透视引导成人椎弓根置钉的临床对照研究,数据库包括Embase、PubMed、Central、中国知网、维普、万方、CBM等数据库,中文关键词为“机器人辅助,透视引导,传统徒手,椎弓根螺钉”,英文关键词为“robot assisted,fluoroscopy guided,conventional,freehand,pedicle screw”。提取数据后,采用Review Manager 5.3 软件进行数据分析。 结果与结论：①依据以上检索策略,共检索到1 615篇相关文献,并最终将13篇文献纳入;②通过对结果的统计分析发现,机器人辅助组的置钉精准度优于透视引导组[95%CI(1.55,4.06),P=0.000 2],而透视引导组术中辐射强度少于机器人辅助组[95%CI(0.42,0.82),P < 0.001],两者差异均有显著性意义;③但是机器人辅助组的并发症发生例数[95%CI(0.23,4.65),P=0.96]及翻修例数[95%CI(0.03,3.17),P=0.33]与透视引导组比较,其差异无显著性意义;术中透视时间2组相当[95%CI(-38.55,78.26),P=0.51];2组术后发生背部疼痛[95%CI(-0.58,0.38),P=0.68]、腿部疼痛评分[95%CI(-0.20,0.19),P=0.94]及手术时间[95%CI(-6.33,53.02),P=0.12]也相当,其差异均无显著性意义;④提示与透视引导相比,机器人辅助成人椎弓根螺钉置入时具有更高的置钉精准度,尤其是在经皮条件下;不可避免的其术中辐射强度也较传统透视更多。ORCID: 0000-0001-9375-8838(高阳阳) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病的外科治疗与结果评价CSCD

儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病通常需要手术治疗,手术方式包括预防性、重建性和补救性手术三种。手术的目的是防止股骨头向外侧移位,重建半脱位及脱位髋关节的稳定,消除不可重建髋关节脱位导致的持续性疼痛,进而改善患儿行走功能,方便不具站立及行走能力患儿的会阴部护理。本文通过系统复习新近相关文献,重点阐述儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病各种手术方式的适应证、操作要点以及临床与X线评价结果、远期随访结果。     

Subcrestal placement of two-part implants

Objective: The aim of the present experiment was to study the healing around two-part implants that were placed in a subcrestal position.
Material and methods: Five mongrel dogs, about 2 years old, were included. The mandibular premolars and the first, second and third maxillary premolars were extracted. Three months later two test and two control implants (OsseoSpeed^™, 3.5 mm × 8 mm) were placed in one side of the mandible. The implants were placed in such a way that the implant margin was located 2 mm apical to the bone crest. In the test implants, the surface modification extended to the implant margin and, thus, included the shoulder part of the implant. Regular abutments with a turned surface (Zebra^™) were connected to the control implants, while experimental abutments with a modified surface (TiOblast^™) were connected to the test implants. A plaque control program that included cleaning of implants and teeth every second day was initiated. Four months later the dogs were euthanized and biopsies were obtained and prepared for histological analysis.
Results: The marginal bone level at the test implants was identified in a more coronal position than that at the control implants. In 40% of the test implants, the bone-to-implant contact extended coronal of the abutment/fixture (A/F) border, i.e. in contact with the abutment part of the implant. The connective tissue portion of the peri-implant mucosa that was facing the test abutments contained a higher density of collagen and a smaller proportion of fibroblasts than that at the control sites.
Conclusion: It is suggested that osseointegration may occur coronal to the A/F interface of two-part implants. Such a result, however, appears to depend on the surface characteristics of the implant components.