Activation of estrogen receptor alpha disrupts differentiation of the reproductive organs in chicken embryos

Gonadal estrogen plays an important role in the differentiation of a female phenotype in birds. Exogenous compounds that interfere with estrogen signaling, for instance by binding to the estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ), are therefore potential disruptors of sexual differentiation in birds. The ERα agonist propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT), the ERα antagonist methyl piperidino pyrazole (MPP) and the ERβ agonist diarylproprionitrile (DPN) were used in the present study to explore the roles of the ERs in normal and disrupted sex differentiation in the chicken embryo. Activation of ERα by PPT caused disturbed differentiation of the reproductive organs in both sexes. In male embryos, PPT caused left-side ovotestis formation and retention of the Müllerian ducts. In female embryos, PPT caused retention of the right Müllerian duct (which normally regresses) and malformation of both Müllerian ducts. PPT also induced hepatic expression of mRNA for the estrogen-regulated egg yolk protein apoVLDL II. Notably, none of these effects were observed following treatment with DPN. ERα-inactivation by MPP counteracted the action of PPT but had little effect by its own. Our results indicate that ERα plays an important role in sex differentiation of the reproductive tract in female chicken embryos and show that ERα can mediate xenoestrogen-induced disturbances of sex differentiation.     

Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of New Pyrazole Derivatives via 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction

A series of cycloadducts--pyrazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of generated nitrilimines with N-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)maleimide were described. The novel compounds synthesized were characterized by ¹H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The fungicidal tests showed that most of the title compounds exhibit significant fungicidal activities against Corynespora cassiicola.     

3-甲基-5-芳基吡唑[3,4-e]并-1,2,3,4-四嗪衍生物的合成

目的为了寻找干扰核酸代谢的抗肿瘤新药,设计和合成嘌呤生物碱的类似物—吡唑[3,4-e]并-1,2,3,4-四嗪衍生物是有意义的。方法以3-甲基-5-氨基-1H-吡唑为原料,经过重氮化、偶合和分子内关环合成目标化合物3-甲基-5-芳基吡唑[3,4-e]并-1,2,3,4-四嗪衍生物。结果合成了八个新的嘌呤类似物。结论所得化合物,通过IR、~1H-NMR、元素分析和质谱分析证实为目标化合物。     

Design, synthesis, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of a series of novel amino acid-binding 1,5-diarylpyrazole derivatives

Aim: To design and synthesize a series of novel amino acid-binding 1,5-diarylpyrazole derivatives, which are intended to act as prodrugs with better aqueous solubility than celecoxib, and which will exert potent anti-inflammatory activi-ties after being converted to their parent compounds in vivo. Methods: To introduce an amino acid, celecoxib analogs containing amino or methylamino group were synthesized first through multi-step chemical reactions. All the synthesized compounds were screened in an intact cell-based assay in vitro and in carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema in vivo. Some active compounds were selected for further evaluation in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The preliminary pharmacokinetics experiments were conducted using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). Results: Celecoxib, 6 of the 1,5-diarylpyrazole class of celecoxib analogs, and their amino acid derivatives (hydrochloride salts) were synthesized. In vitro screening, the hydrochloride salts showed decreased inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX)- 1 and COX-2 compared with their parent compounds, but some exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Compound 4a was selected for further evaluation, and its anti-inflammatory effect was equivalent to that of celecoxib after oral administration in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. At three doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) the percentage inhibition on edema was 20.7%, 52.6%, and 62.6% (for compound 4a) and 27.8%, 38.4%, and 40.1% (for celecoxib), respectively. Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluations support the hypothesis that compound 4a was actually converted to its parent compound, compound 4. Conclusion: The compound bound with amino acid acts like prodrug, which can exert anti-inflammatory effect similar to celecoxib after being converted to its parent compound. This finding will be of great benefit in carrying out structural modifications of prodrug-like selective COX-2 inhibitors.     

1-(2-甲酰氢乙基)-5-甲酰胺基吡唑的合成

目的: 研究1-(2-甲酰氧乙基)-5-甲酰胺基吡唑的合成方法.方法: 以氯乙醇和水合肼为原料,经5步反应合成出硫酸头孢噻利关键中间体1-(2-甲酰氧乙基)-5-甲酰胺基吡唑.结果: 总收率为33.7%.结论: 本法操作简便,适合工业化生产.     

1，5-二芳基吡唑衍生物的合成及其对环氧合酶2的抑制活性

目的设计合成一系列1，5-二芳基吡唑衍生物，并考察其对环氧合酶2的抑制活性。方法以苯乙酮或对甲基苯乙酮为原料，经过缩合、环合、水解、还原、酯化等多步反应，得到1，5-二芳基．3-取代吡唑衍生物。结果与结论共合成了10个中间体和10个目标化合物，其中，18个化合物（8个中间体和10个目标化合物）是未见文献报道的新化合物，其结构经MS和^1H-NMR确证。所有目标化合物均具有一定的环氧合酶2抑制活性，其中化合物1i的抑制率为31．77％。     

Microarray analysis of hepatic gene expression in pyrazole-mediated hepatotoxicity: identification of potential stimuli of Cyp2a5 induction

Cytochrome P450 2a5 (Cyp2a5) expression is induced during liver damage caused by hepatotoxins such as pyrazole, however, the mechanism underlying this overexpression is unclear. In order to identify pathophysiological and cellular responses to pyrazole that might alter Cyp2a5 expression, we examined the effect of pyrazole on mouse hepatic gene expression in C57BL/6 mice using Affymetrix 430 2.0 microarrays. Over 3000 differentially expressed genes were identified 24-h after pyrazole treatment that were associated with a variety of cellular pathways. Upregulated genes were primarily involved in the splicing and processing of RNA and the unfolded protein response pathway, while downregulated genes were associated with amino acid and lipid metabolism, and generation of precursor metabolites for energy production. We also examined the effects of pyrazole on cellular pathways linked to metabolic and histopathological changes observed with pyrazole toxicity. Increased mRNA levels were observed for genes involved in bilirubin production, whereas the major genes of the urea cycle were strongly decreased. Changes in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were also observed which could explain pyrazole-induced glycogen depletion and decreased serum glucose. In addition, over 100 genes involved in the cellular stress response were upregulated by pyrazole treatment, including genes involved in the unfolded protein response and redox status. Based on these results and previous evidence concerning the regulation of Cyp2a5, we have identified several pathophysiological changes including altered energy homeostasis, hyperbilirubinemia, ER stress, and altered redox status that are associated with CYP2A5 overexpression and may represent potential stimuli for the induction of Cyp2a5.     

吡唑衍生物合成研究进展

吡唑类化合物具有抗菌、消炎、调节植物生长和抗血小板凝聚等生理和药理活性,在医药和农药中扮演着重要的角色,具有非常广阔的研究和开发前景。本文综述了吡唑衍生物合成的研究进展,并介绍了绿色合成法,固相和微波合成法。     

Design and discovery of novel pyrazole-pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as anti-glioma agents via promoting apoptosis,inhibiting cell cycle and EGFR-TK

Glioma is an aggressive type of brain malignancy responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. In the current scenario, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinases targeted therapy showed significant benefits in glioma patients. Therefore, in the present study, we intend to investigate the anti-glioma potential of a novel class of pyrazole-pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives and their mechanism of action. The compounds will be synthesized in a straight-forward synthetic route in excellent yields and subsequently tested for EGFR kinase inhibition. The compounds showed a diverse range of inhibitory activity against EGFR (IC₅₀ = 3.4–873.2 nM). With an IC₅₀ of 1.5 nM, compound 4i was determined to be the most effective EGFR inhibitor, even superior to the standard erlotinib (IC₅₀ 2.3 nM). Among them, the three most potent compounds ( 4i , 4j , and 4k ) were further subjected to the anticancer activity against the panel of various cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer), A549 (lung cancer), U87 (glioblastoma cell)-EGFR-Wild Type, U87 (mutant glioblastoma cells) EGFR-mutant cell, MCF-12A (normal cells). The compound 4i showed the most potent activity against glioblastoma cells as compared to other cancer cells. The effect of compound 4i was also studied on the apoptosis of U87 cells, where it showed induction of apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. It also showed inhibition of the G2/M cell cycle phase of U87 cells. Our study demonstrated the development of novel pyrazole-pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as a novel class of anti-glioma agents.