Changes in Neuropsychological Functioning with Progression of HIV-1 Infection: Results of an 8-Year Longitudinal Investigation

Despite the advent of more effective treatments for HIV-1 infection, cognitive impairment is still frequent and questions remain regarding which areas of impairment are more common in the different disease stages. This study investigated cognitive performance over an 8-year period of time in 59 HIV-1 seropositive (HIV-1+) men who were clinically asymptomatic at study entry, in comparison to a cohort of 55 HIV-1 seronegative (HIV-1-) men. Every 6 months we examined cognitive functioning in 5 domains-fine motor speed, attention, verbal memory, executive functioning, and speed of information processing. We found that patients with AIDS scored significantly worse on fine motor speed and speed of information processing than HIV-1- individuals and the HIV-1+ non-AIDS patients. In addition, the HIV-1+ non-AIDS patients performed more poorly than the HIV-1- group on speed of information processing. Depressive symptoms were also associated with diminished performance on measures of attention, executive functioning, and speed of information processing. Further research is needed to examine the effects of disease stage and depression on cognitive impairment in the era of new HIV treatments.     

多频域后处理图像对计算机辅助检测数字胸片上肺结节能力的影响

目的评价多频域后处理数字胸片图像对计算机辅助检测系统输出结果的影响。方法选择经CT证实正常248名受检者的DR后前位胸片和30例有肺结节的DR后前位胸片,并应用Philips UNIQUE软件对其进行高频、低频处理。由2名10年以上经验的放射科医生结合CT图像阅读胸片,二人意见达成一致后,在数字化胸片上标记结节位置,保存标记结果并将其作为金标准。然后由CAD系统阅读后处理图像,由2名医师评价CAD系统在后处理图像上肺结节检测的假阳性区域和敏感度。结果 CAD系统在248例低频、常规和高频图像上分别显示了715、585和286个可疑区域,平均每例检出的假阳性区域分别为2.88个、2.36个和1.15个,3组图像检测的假阳性区域及组间差异均具有统计学意义。30例DR图像上共有38个金标准结节,CAD系统在低频、常规和高频图像上分别检测到33、30、28个结节,其检测敏感度分别为86.84%、78.95%和73.68%,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.722、0.670和0.618,3组图像之间检测的差异无统计学意义。结论高频、低频和常规图像模式对CAD系统检测能力无明显影响,但其在低频、常规和高频图像中检测的假阳性有逐渐增高的趋势,肺结节检测敏感度有逐步下降的趋势。     

80 kVp扫描联合基于原始数据的迭代重建技术在儿童副鼻窦CT检查中的应用

目的 探讨Flash双源CT低管电压80 kVp扫描联合基于原始数据的迭代重建(SAFIRE)技术在儿童副鼻窦CT检查中的价值.方法 疑鼻窦炎行CT扫描患儿60例,A组30例采用100 kVp扫描,FBP重建;B组30例采用80 kVp扫描,SAFIRE重建,强度选择3级;其余条件不变.比较两组的有效剂量及图像质量的客观指标(CT值、图像噪声、SNR、CNR)、主观评分、诊断效能等.结果 A、B两组有效剂量、图像噪声、SNR、CNR差异均有统计学意义(P均 <0.05).两组图像的主观评分差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).两组诊断结果与临床诊断结果差异均无统计学意义(P均 >0.05).结论 在儿童副鼻窦扫描中采用Flash双源CT 80 kVp扫描联合SAFIRE重建技术,在显著降低辐射剂量的同时,还可保证图像质量及诊断效能,值得临床推广.     

MSCT后处理技术在诊断胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤中的应用

目的 探讨MSCT后处理技术在胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤(IPMN)中的诊断价值.方法 对18例经手术病理或超声内镜引导下细针穿刺证实的IPMN患者的临床、病理及MSCT检查资料进行回顾性分析,对MSCT双期增强扫描的原始数据均行MPR、MinIP及CPR,观察病变本身及其与胰管、周围结构的关系.结果 18例IPMN患者中,病变与扩张胰管相通18例(18/18,100%),胰管扩张 >1.0 cm 7例(7/18,38.89%),囊性病变17例(17/18,94.44%),囊实性病变1例(1/18,5.56%).主胰管型6例(6/18,33.33%)、分支胰管型9例(9/18,50.00%)、混合型3例(3/18,16.67%).MPR图像能清晰显示IPMN病变的大小、边界、有无强化的壁结节,也可较好显示病变与扩张胰管间的关系以及病变与周围结构之间的关系;MinIP图像在显示扩张胰管的全貌及病变与扩张胰管间关系等方面优于MPR图像及CPR图像;CPR图像有助于显示主胰管扩张的全貌.结论 利用MSCT多种后处理技术可整体显示病变、扩张胰管以及周围结构,在IPMN诊断方面具有重要价值.     

重酒石酸长春瑞滨长循环脂质体的制备与表征

目的采用pH梯度法制备重酒石酸长春瑞滨长循环脂质体并进行表征。方法以粒径为指标,考察水化温度和挤出次数对空白脂质体粒径的影响;以粒径及包封率为指标,考察孵化温度和孵化时间对载药脂质体粒径和包封率的影响。并采用Malvern粒度仪测定脂质体的粒径分布、多分散系数及Zeta电位,透射电镜考察其形态,并考察脂质体稳定性。结果重酒石酸长春瑞滨长循环脂质体粒径（96.4±27.2） nm,多分散系数（0.162±0.042）,Zeta电位（－26.7±3.5） mV;透射电镜显示脂质体粒径均一,成单层膜球状分布;长期稳定性研究显示,脂质体在5 ℃条件下放置3个月稳定。结论pH梯度法可以用于重酒石酸长春瑞滨长循环脂质体的制备。     

Localization of cardiac arrhythmias: conventional noninvasive methods

Noninvasive localization of the accessory pathway (AP) in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and of the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is reviewed. 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is the most readily available method for localization of both the AP and the site of VT origin. Many published ECG criteria are introduced. The application of body surface potential mapping, vectocardiography, nuclear phase imaging, echocardiography, computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and signal-averaged ECG in the localization of these arrhythmogenic substrates is also described. We believe that ECG is the most sensitive noninvasive method for AP localization as well as being convenient and simple; it may be used as the only noninvasive method for the initial evaluation. The left lateral AP, which occurs with an incidence of more than 40%, could be localized preoperatively by noninvasive methods only. For localization of the site of VT origin, none of the noninvasive methods is accurate enough for guiding the surgical and catheter-mediated ablative therapies so far.Abbreviations AP accessory pathway - ARVD arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia - BSPM body surface potential mapping - LFW left free wall - LAW left anterior wall - LLW left lateral wall - LPW left posterior wall - LPS left posteroseptal - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - PS posteroseptal - RFW right free wall - RAS right anteroseptal - RAW right anterior wall - RLW right lateral wall - RPW right posterior wall - RPS right posteroseptal - VPB ventricular premature beats     

The Preoperative Evaluation of Infective Endocarditis via 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography continues to have a central role in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis and its sequelae. Recent technological advances offer the option of 3-dimensional imaging in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. We present an illustrative case and review the literature regarding the potential advantages and limitations of 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of complicated infective endocarditis.A 51-year-old man, an intravenous drug user who had undergone bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement 5 months earlier, presented with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography with 3D rendition revealed a large abscess involving the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa, together with a mycotic aneurysm that had ruptured into the left atrium, resulting in a left ventricle-to-left atrium fistula. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography enabled superior preoperative anatomic delineation and surgical planning. We conclude that 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography can be a useful adjunct to traditional 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography as a tool in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.     

Profiling nursing homes using Bayesian hierarchical modeling

OBJECTIVES: New methods developed to improve the statistical basis of provider profiling may be particularly applicable to nursing homes. We examine the use of Bayesian hierarchical modeling in profiling nursing homes on their rate of pressure ulcer development. DESIGN: Observational study using Minimum Data Set data from 1997 and 1998. SETTING: A for-profit nursing home chain. PARTICIPANTS: Residents of 108 nursing homes who were without a pressure ulcer on an index assessment. MEASUREMENTS: Nursing homes were compared on their performance on risk-adjusted rates of pressure ulcer development calculated using standard statistical techniques and Bayesian hierarchical modeling. RESULTS: Bayesian estimates of nursing home performance differed considerably from rates calculated using standard statistical techniques. The range of risk-adjusted rates among nursing homes was 0% to 14.3% using standard methods and 1.0% to 4.8% using Bayesian analysis. Fifteen nursing homes were designated as outliers based on their z scores, and two were outliers using Bayesian modeling. Only one nursing home had greater than a 50% probability of having a true rate of ulcer development exceeding 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Bayesian hierarchical modeling can be successfully applied to the problem of profiling nursing homes. Results obtained from Bayesian modeling are different from those obtained using standard statistical techniques. The continued evaluation and application of this new methodology in nursing homes may ensure that consumers and providers have the most accurate information regarding performance.     

数字图像处理技术对隐孢子虫卵囊形态学参数的测定

目的 建立并分析小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的形态学参数， 明确小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的形态学变化特点。 方法 昆明株小鼠经地塞米松免疫抑制10 d后， 取粪便涂片、 改良抗酸染色法检测小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊。 应用摄像系统采集1 190个小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的图像， 利用计算机数字图像分析系统测定卵囊的长径(L)、 横径(W)、 周长、 面积和等效直径。用SPSS数据处理软件（V11.0）分析测定各组数据， 计算其卵形指数。 结果 1 190个小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊长径均值为5.93 μm， 95%可信区间为3.31～8.51 μm； 卵囊横径的均值为4.96 μm， 95%可信区间为3.26～6.66 μm； 周长均值为18.03 μm； 面积的均值为16.08 μm2; 卵形指数(L/W)为1.19。 结论 利用计算机显微图像处理系统所获得的小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊形态学参数数据客观、 精确， 为量化及评价小鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的形态奠定了基础。     

我院规培护士的培训方法及考核措施

目的：探讨对新入职护士的规范化培训效果。方法在本院施行规培护士的培训方法及考核措施,比较规培前后护士理论及操作考试成绩、临床护理能力、职业归属情况。结果规培后护士理论及操作考试成绩、临床护理能力、职业归属情况均较培训前改善（ P＜0．05）。结论规范化临床培训有助于新入职护士护理能力的提高。