心理学研究中的科学方法与非科学方法

自心理学被界定为一门科学以来 ,对心理学的研究便十分强调研究方法的科学性。那些被认为是不科学的方法 ,如内省、思辨、假设、演绎等被长期排斥在主流心理学的研究方法之外。这虽是学科研究进步的表现 ,但也暴露出心理学研究中唯科学方法的缺陷。由于心理学研究对象的特殊性 ,非科学方法仍是心理学研究中的一种重要方法 ,心理学史上的一些重要成就表明了非科学方法的应用价值。心理学研究中的科学方法与非科学方法并不是对立的。人本主义心理学大胆引进非科学方法 ,兼收并蓄 ,其主张被越来越多的人接受。     

中心流形定理在非线性动力学系统分析和控制中的应用

本文将中心流形定理用于一类非线性动力学系统的局部定量分析和设计中,从而改进和简化了传统的分析和设计方法,弥补了线性化方法在处理这类系统方面的不足。     

Optimized and combined T1 and B1 mapping technique for fast and accurate T1 quantification in contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI.

Fast T(1) mapping techniques are a valuable means of quantitatively assessing the distribution and dynamics of intravenously or orally applied paramagnetic contrast agents (CAs) by noninvasive imaging. In this study a fast T(1) mapping technique based on the variable flip angle (VFA) approach was optimized for accurate T(1) quantification in abdominal contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI. Optimization methods were developed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and ensure effective RF and gradient spoiling, as well as a steady state, for a defined T(1) range of 100-800 ms and a limited acquisition time. We corrected B(1) field inhomogeneities by performing an additional measurement using an optimized fast B(1) mapping technique. High-precision in vitro and abdominal in vivo T(1) maps were successfully generated at a voxel size of 2.8 x 2.8 x 15 mm(3) and a temporal resolution of 2.3 s per T(1) map on 1.5T and 3T MRI systems. The application of the proposed fast T(1) mapping technique in abdominal CE-MRI enables noninvasive quantification of abdominal tissue perfusion and vascular permeability, and offers the possibility of quantitatively assessing dilution, distribution, and mixing processes of labeled solutions or drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.     

计算机X线摄影适宜照射线量的探讨

目的以噪声的频率特性评价计算机X线摄影系统(computed radiography, CR)的适宜曝光量.方法在相同摄影条件下获得中速 CaWO4屏-Fuji片组合照片和CR照片,以此为基础,改变mAs,获得不同照射剂量下的CR影像,经相同的后处理条件输出它们的CR照片.用显微密度计依次对这些照片进行扫描,每张获得10万个密度值,作为离散随机信号来处理,用快速傅立叶变换计算威纳频谱(Wiener spectrum, WS),测试CR照片噪声的WS与中速CaWO4屏-Fuji片组合的照片噪声WS值相等的曝光量值.结果 (1)在照射剂量均为5.61μGy、照片密度均为1.0的情况下,在空间频率(ω)=0.1 LP/mm处,CR系统的WS值为 23.1×10 -6 mm2,屏-片系统的为20.1×10 -6 mm2;在ω=0.5 LP/mm处,CR系统的WS值为 9.73×10 -6 mm2,屏-片系统的为8.41×10 -6 mm2 .(2)当ω=0.1 LP/mm时,照射剂量为5.61μGy的CR照片的WS值分别是照射剂量为1.40、2.80、8.76、13.67、21.11μGy CR片的0.53、0.75、1.14、1.44、1.80倍;当空间频率为0.5 LP/mm时,照射剂量为5.61μGy的CR片的WS值分别是照射剂量为1.40、2.80、8.76、13.67、21.11μGy CR片的0.40、0.58、1.26、1.47、2.16倍.(3)在ω=0.5 LP/mm时,与照射剂量为5.61μGy的屏-片组合有相当的噪声水平的CR照片照射剂量大致为7.70 μGy左右.结论相同摄影条件下CR照片的噪声要比中速 CaWO4屏-Fuji片组合的大;随着照射量的增加CR系统总WS将减小,噪声下降;如想获得和屏-片相同噪声的影像,应适当增大CR系统的照射量.     

胸部螺旋CT最大密度投影重建的参数优化

目的探讨胸部螺旋CT最大密度投影(MIP)重建合理的扫描和重建参数。方法6例煤工的尸检离体肺脏制成充气固定肺标本,分别行不同参数组合的螺旋CT扫描,包括层厚1.5mm,2mm,4mm及8mm,重建间隔1mm,3mm,5mm;曝光量150mA,100mA;螺距1.5;滤过算法包括标准、锐利和平滑3种。每组图像均行MIP重建,重建厚度为12.5mm～13mm,比较不同参数MIP重建图像对支气管血管束的显示。结果a)曝光量对MIP重建图像的影响甚微,150mA、100mA两组剂量MIP无显著性差异(P>0.05);b)重建算法对MIP重建无显著影响。c)扫描层厚影响MIP图像,以薄层(1.5mm)扫描重建为最佳,1.5mm、2mm、4mm层厚MIP图像之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),8mm层厚与前4者MIP图像有显著性差异(P<0.01)。d)重建间隔影响MIP重建效果,8mm层厚扫描,1mm和5mm重建间隔重建图像MIP之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论影响MIP重建的参数主要为扫描层厚和重建间隔,薄层扫描可获得理想的MIP图像,随层厚的增加,减小重建间隔有利于获得理想的MIP图像。建议以中等层厚(4mm)扫描,小重建间隔(1.5mm,2mm)行MIP重建。     

应用多层螺旋CT多方位重建技术诊断急性阑尾炎的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT多方位重建(MPVR)诊断急性阑尾炎的价值。方法2002年2月至2003年9月临床疑诊阑尾炎收治入院手术患者39例,术前均作了常规扫描和MPVR重建2种CT检查,术后31例确诊为阑尾炎,从阑尾充血、水肿至阑尾脓肿共分5级(正常阑尾为0级)。结果对照手术病理,MPVR重建诊断急性阑尾炎准确率872%,敏感度903%,特异度75%,阳性预测值933%,阴性预测值667%。常规CT检查诊断急性阑尾炎准确度385%,敏感度387%,特异度375%,阳性预测值706%,阴性预测值136%。28例确诊急性阑尾炎的MPVR重建片所示5种主要征象及出现频率如下阑尾肿大(管腔直径>6mm)(964%),阑尾结石(267%),回盲部肥厚(367%),阑尾周围炎(714%),脓肿(107%)。结论多层螺旋CTMPVR重建技术显著提高了CT对临床症状模棱两可、临床疑诊急性阑尾炎患者的术前诊断能力,并可减少重型阑尾炎病例的发生。     

Clinical and Physical Evaluation of the Infertile Male: Testicular Measurement or Orchidometry/Klinische und physikalische Bewertung des infertilen Mannes: Hodenmessung oder Orchidometrie

Summary: For the quantitative determination of the testicular size or volume, two groups of apparatus are available: on the one hand, model testes, which are extremely valuable in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies during the period of pubescence, and on the other hand, measuring devices, with which the testicular dimensions can be specified. The latter instruments are helpful chiefly during the adolescent years and the diagnosis of problems surrounding fertility. The testicular volume can be calculated subsequently from the specific testicular measurements. The formula, for computing the volume of an ellipsoid, seems to be the most suitable for this purpose. Appliances also have been developed, which allow the largest (longitudinal) dimension (in mm) and the testicular volume (in cm3) to be read off simultaneously. A tonometer can be useful to quantitatively estimate the testicular consistency, which is a parameter of the testicular integrity at the level of tubular function (spermatozoa production).     

冷冻(断裂)复型电镜技术的应用

本文简单介绍冷冻断裂复型电镜技术在国内、外的概况,並阐明了该项新技术的独特作用和具体的操作步骤;在制作生物样品时所需的仪器设备和试剂的配制等内容。     

维纳滤波器在数字化X射线影像中的应用

介绍了一种简单有效的维纳滤波器设计过程,并采用该过程对数字化X射线影像进行滤波,试验表明:维纳滤波器能在去除图像噪声的同时较好地保留图像细节,具有实际应用价值。     

‘Translation is not enough’: using the Global Person Generated Index (GPGI) to assess individual quality of life in Bangladesh,Thailand, and Ethiopia

Currently few subjective measures of Quality of Life (QoL) are available for use in developing countries, which limits their theoretical, methodological, and practical contribution (for example, exploring the relationship between economic development and QoL, and ensuring effective and equitable service provision). One reason for this is the difficulty of ensuring that translated measures preserve conceptual, item, semantic, operational, measurement; and functional equivalence (Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). Quality of Life Research, 7, 331), which is illustrated by an account of the translation, pre-piloting, and administration of a new individualised QoL measure, the Global Person Generated Index or 'GPGI'. The GPGI is based on the widely used Patient Generated Index (Ruta, Camfield, & Martin, (2004) Quality of Life Research, 13, 1545.) and offers many of the advantages of the participatory approaches commonly used in developing countries, with added methodological rigour, and quantitative outcomes. It was successfully validated in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Ethiopia, using quantitative and qualitative methods--open-ended, semi-structured interviews (SSIs), conducted immediately post-administration. Both the measure and method of 'qualitative validation' described later in the paper offer an exciting alternative for future researchers and practitioners in this field. The quantitative results suggest the GPGI shows cultural sensitivity, and is able to capture both the areas that are important to respondents, and aspects of life one would expect to impact on QoL in developing countries. There were strong correlation between scores from the GPGI and SSIs for the area of health, and moderate correlations for 'material wellbeing' (MWB)('Material wellbeing' refers to respondents' perceptions of their achievement in the areas of farming, debt reduction, assets, crops, livestock, job, land, property, and agriculture) and children. Weak to moderate correlations were observed between the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the GPGI; however, the highest coefficient was between the GPGI and the most conceptually similar item. Statistically significant differences were seen in GPGI scores between rich and poor, urban and rural respondents, and different countries. Health and material wellbeing scores, derived from the SSIs, also showed a linear relationship with GPGI scores, with a suggestion of curvilinearity at the higher levels, as predicted by a general QoL causal model. In conclusion, the GPGI has great potential for use in this area, especially when supported by extensive interviewer training, and supplemented with a cognitive appraisal schedule.