道地药材附子炮制加工规范化探讨

以附子为主要对象,从种植的道地性、产地炮制加工对其成分和药效影响等方面论述了规范道地药材附子种植与产地加工的重要性,揭示了不良加[方法对附子饮片晶质和临床安全的危害,并对如何规范附子炮制加工提出了建议,为保障附子临床用药安全提供了有益的意见和建议.     

藏药甘青乌头抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型体内外作用研究

 目的探讨藏药甘青乌头抗单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)的作用和机制。方法MTT法测定甘青乌头对Vero细胞的毒性,采用细胞病变法和蚀斑法测定甘青乌头体外抗病毒活性,以半数抑制浓度和治疗指数为评价指标;定量荧光PCR法和蚀斑法考察甘青乌头体外抗病毒作用机制。用HSV-2建立小鼠脑炎模型,对甘青乌头体内抗单纯疱疹病毒的抗病毒活性进行评价。结果甘青乌头对Vero细胞的半数中毒浓度(CC₅₀)为5.57 g·L^-1。细胞病变法和蚀斑法测得甘青乌头的半数有效浓度(EC₅₀)分别为2.25,1.68 g·L^-1,治疗指数TI分别为2.47,3.32。LD₅₀值为0.85 g·kg^-1。甘青乌头延长了小鼠的平均存活时间,对小鼠的死亡显示出10%的保护率。甘青乌头能直接灭活HSV-2,能够显著抑制HSV-2的感染性;对病毒吸附到细胞没有抑制作用,能抑制HSV-2大分子的增值。抑制HSV-2 DNA合成的抑制倍数达102。结论甘青乌头体外具有较强的抗HSV-2的活性,抗病毒作用是通过抑制病毒复制循环的各个环节起作用的。     

Dietary Assessment Tools and Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Change the Focus?

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a range of chronic diseases, for which lifestyle interventions are considered the cornerstone of treatment. Dietary interventions have primarily focused on weight reduction, usually via energy restricted diets. While this strategy can improve insulin sensitivity and other health markers, weight loss alone is not always effective in addressing all risk factors associated with MS. Previous studies have identified diet quality as a key factor in reducing the risk of MS independent of weight loss. Additionally, supporting evidence for the use of novel strategies such as carbohydrate restriction and modifying the frequency and timing of meals is growing. It is well established that dietary assessment tools capable of identifying dietary patterns known to increase the risk of MS are essential for the development of personalised, targeted diet and lifestyle advice. The American Heart Association (AHA) recently evaluated the latest in a variety of assessment tools, recommending three that demonstrate the highest evidence-based and clinical relevance. However, such tools may not assess and thus identify all dietary and eating patterns associated with MS development and treatment, especially those which are new and emerging. This paper offers a review of current dietary assessment tools recommended for use by the AHA to assess dietary and eating patterns associated with MS development. We discuss how these recommendations align with recent and novel evidence on the benefits of restricting ultra-processed food and refined carbohydrates and modifying timing and frequency of meals. Finally, we provide recommendations for future redevelopment of these tools to be deployed in health care settings.     

HPLC测定云南不同产地野生与栽培黄草乌中3种双酯型二萜生物碱成分含量

目的采用HPLC测定云南不同产地的野生与栽培黄草乌中滇乌碱、黄草乌碱甲及黄草乌碱丙的含量。方法采用Extend-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相A为乙腈、B为40 mmol/L乙酸铵缓冲液(用氨水调pH值至9.00),两相梯度洗脱(0~35 min,35%→55%A;35~40 min,55%A),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,波长260nm。结果7个产地野生与栽培黄草乌中滇乌碱含量为510.29~1837.44μg/g,新平产野生黄草乌最高,建水栽培者最低;黄草乌碱甲含量为583.92~4105.45μg/g,个旧栽培黄草乌(黄皮)最高,建水栽培者最低;黄草乌碱丙含量为79.93~2281.68μg/g,嵩明产野生黄草乌最高,建水栽培者最低。3种双酯型二萜生物碱总含量为1240.32~5732.09μg/g。HPLC对比图显示,黄草乌栽培品与野生品成分存在较大差异。结论黄草乌野生品与栽培品存在明显成分差异,3种双酯型生物碱含量差异很大,不同产地的栽培品之间也有明显差异。     

3种DNA分子标记法联合鉴别草珊瑚及其混伪品

目的采用18 S rRNA基因、ITS2序列、SCAR标记等3种DNA分子标记法鉴别草珊瑚,为其分子鉴定提供依据。方法通过PCR扩增、克隆测序后获得草珊瑚18 S rRNA基因序列,并进行Blast比对;通过PCR扩增、测序并注释后获得草珊瑚ITS2序列,从GenBank上收集混伪品和其他植物的ITS2序列,使用MEGA5.5软件,计算种内种间遗传距离,构建系统聚类树;通过RAPD法获得草珊瑚SCAR分子标记,克隆测序后,设计特异性引物扩增草珊瑚及其混伪品。结果获得的草珊瑚18 S rRNA基因长度为1 820 bp,Blast比对显示草珊瑚与金粟兰科同源性最高,同源性为99%,证明其为草珊瑚的18 S rRNA基因。获得的草珊瑚ITS2序列长度为500 bp,草珊瑚与其混伪品之间的遗传距离为0.190～0.219,混伪品之间的遗传距离为0～0.074,聚类分析显示草珊瑚聚为一支,混伪品聚为一支,与其他植物距离较远。获得草珊瑚的SCAR分子标记,用特异性引物扩增出现草珊瑚特异性产物,混伪品未出现特异性产物。结论 3种分子标记法联合可更有效地鉴别草珊瑚及其混伪品,从而建立一套新的鉴别草珊瑚与混伪品的方法,为其鉴别提供新的思路。     

The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?

Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, composed of D-galactose residues linked in β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bond, widely used as a food additive in processed foods for its properties as a thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. In recent years, with the spread of the Western diet (WD), its consumption has increased. Nonetheless, there is a debate on its safety. CGN is extensively used as an inflammatory and adjuvant agent in vitro and in animal experimental models for the investigation of immune processes or to assess the activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. CGN can activate the innate immune pathways of inflammation, alter the gut microbiota composition and the thickness of the mucus barrier. Clinical evidence suggests that CGN is involved in the pathogenesis and clinical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), indeed food-exclusion diets can be an effective therapy for disease remission. Moreover, specific IgE to the oligosaccharide α-Gal has been associated with allergic reactions commonly referred to as the “α-Gal syndrome”. This review aims to discuss the role of carrageenan in inflammatory bowel diseases and allergic reactions following the current evidence. Furthermore, as no definitive data are available on the safety and the effects of CGN, we suggest gaps to be filled and advise to limit the human exposure to CGN by reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods.     

北柴胡不同炮制品柴胡皂苷a含量及急性毒性实验比较研究

目的 :对北柴胡不同炮制品中柴胡皂苷a的含量和急性毒性大小进行比较研究,探讨炮制对北柴胡柴胡皂苷a含量与毒性的影响。 方法 :运用HPLC法、经典急性毒性实验法,进行北柴胡不同炮制品中柴胡皂苷a的含量测定及急性毒性比较研究。 结果 :北柴胡生品,清炒品,醋炙品,酒炙品和蜜炙品不同炮制品中柴胡皂苷a的百分含量依次为0.60%,0.23%,0.56%,0.39%,0.35%。北柴胡生品,清炒品,醋炙品,酒炙品和蜜炙品没有出现死亡,测得最大给药量(MLD)值按含生药量计算分别为26.4,31.2,27.6,28.8,32.4 g ·kg^-1,分别相当于临床70 kg人每公斤体重日用量的205,242,214,224,252倍,连续观察14 d,小鼠一般状况良好,无一死亡。 结论 :北柴胡不同炮制品中柴胡皂苷a含量和毒性各不相同,且各样品均未出现死亡,其最大给药量显示北柴胡的各炮制品基本安全低毒,提示炮制对北柴胡药材柴胡皂苷a含量和安全剂量范围大小有一定影响。     

大黄5种饮片中2个二苯乙烯苷类成分含量测定

目的:进行大黄5种饮片中2个二苯乙烯苷类成分的含量测定。方法:采用HPLC法,对大黄生、酒、醋、熟、炭饮片中反-3,5,4′-三羟基二苯乙烯基-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(a)、反-3,5,4′-三羟基二苯乙烯基-4′-O-β-D-(6″-O-没食子酰基)葡萄糖苷(b)进行含量测定。流动相为甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL.m in-1,检测波长分别为280,300 nm。结果:大黄5种饮片中均能检测到上述2种成分,且2种成分的变化趋势相同。大黄生、酒、醋片中2种成分含量较高且较接近,炮制为熟片和炭片后,2种成分的含量,与生片相比均降低80%以上。结论:a,b均为苷类成分,高温加热炮制对其含量均有显著的影响,进一步分析比较苷类成分及其相应苷元的含量变化,将为科学阐释炮制前后大黄物质基础的变化规律提供科学依据。     

A modified preparation (LMK03) of the oriental medicine Jangwonhwan reduces Aβ1–42 level in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer disease

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The oriental medicine Jangwonhwan, which is a boiled extract of 12 medicinal herbs/mushroom, has been prescribed for patients with cognitive dysfunction. Recently, a modified recipe of Jangwonhwan (LMK02-Jangwonhwan) consisting of seven medicinal plants/mushroom, was shown to have a therapeutic potential to ameliorate AD-like pathology.

Aim of the study

It was investigated whether a further reduction of Jangwonhwan (LMK03-Jangwonhwan) retains the potency to suppress the AD-like pathology.

Materials and Methods

The transgenic mice of Alzheimer disease, Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9, were fed LMK03-Jangwonhwan consisting of two of the herbs, white Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf and Angelica gigas Nakai, which could protect the AD-like pathology at 300 mg/kg/day of dose for 3 months. In vitro cell biological study, immunohistological and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) analyses were used to assess its neuroprotective effects against Aβ-induced cell death, and the Aβ accumulation and plaque deposition in the brain.

Results

In vitro study with SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells showed that LMK03-Jangwonhwan could protect from cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide or oligomeric Aβ_1–42. Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were administered LMK03-Jangwonhwan at 300 mg/kg/day for 3 months from 4.5 months of age. Immunohistological and ELISA analyses showed that LMK03-Jangwonhwan partially reduced Aβ_1–42 and Aβ_1–40 levels and β-amyloid plaque deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. However, LMK03-Jangwonhwan poorly suppressed accumulation of reactive oxidative stress in the hippocampus of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mice and inefficiently improved the expression of phospho-CREB and calbindin, the cellular factors that were down-regulated in AD-like brains.

Conclusions

These results suggest that LMK03-Jangwonhwan has a potency to inhibit AD-like pathology at a detectable level, but LMK03 is not likely to retain the major ability of LMK02-Jangwonhwan to modify AD pathology in several AD-related molecular parameters.