冠心病伴下肢外周动脉病住院患者患病率及用药状况分析

目的 了解我国冠心病住院患者下肢外周动脉病（peripheral arterial disease，PAD）的患病率及用药状况。方法 连续入选上海第十人民医院等32家医院的冠心病住院患者1228例为研究对象；测量踝臂指数（ankle-brachial index，ABI）并收集用药情况；ABI〈0．9诊断为PAD。结果 冠心病患者的PAD患病率为32．4％；PAD患者中67．6％使用他汀类药物，70．1％使用ACEI类药物，87．4％使用抗血小板药物，62．8％的PAD患者同时使用他汀类和抗血小板药物；多元分析PAD患者使用利尿剂的OR及95％CI为1．719（1．252～2．539），其他用药情况对PAD没有显示统计学差别。结论 冠心病患者常伴有下肢外周动脉病，临床上未引起对PAD的足够重视，应在治疗冠心病的同时给予PAD正规积极的治疗。     

地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂在急性根尖周炎治疗中的应用

目的探讨地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂在急性根尖周炎根管封药治疗中的临床疗效。方法临床46例急性根尖周炎根管预备的病例,随机分实验组(地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂组)和对照组(甲醛甲酚组)各23例,两组均行两次法完成根管治疗术。实验组暂封地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂,对照组暂封甲醛甲酚(FC)药物,观察术后疼痛反应。结果地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂根管封药组疼痛率(13.0%)低于甲醛甲酚根管封药组(47.8%)。结论地塞米松-氢氧化钙-碘仿糊剂可以有效地预防根管治疗期间的疼痛和水肿,并降低其发生率。     

预防医学专业教学改革研究

预防医学旨在提高公共卫生健康水平,预防和控制疾病的发生。在市场经济体制逐步发展与完善的过程中,预防医学专业面临较大的冲击,为适应医学模式的转变,本文从调整培养目标,修订教学计划;调整和充实预防医学教学内容;加强师资队伍建设;改进教学方式和方法及编写具有特色的教学大纲等方面对预防医学教学的改革进行了研究。     

超声电导透皮给药与静脉给药的血药浓度对比及儿科临床应用

目的通过测定头孢哌酮钠经超声电导透皮给药与静脉给药后人的血药浓度，以佐证超声电导透皮给药方法在药代动力学方面的优势。方法以等剂量头孢哌酮钠分别静脉给药及超声电导透皮给药后，分3个时间段检测人血药浓度并进行比较。结果两种给药方式比较，血药浓度差别显著，但超声电导透皮给药后的血药浓度衰减速率慢。结论超声电导透皮给药能大幅度降低血药浓度，减低了药物“首过效应”，减缓了血药浓度的峰谷变化，维持稳定而持久的血药浓度，在临床应用中也收到了良好的治疗效果。     

急性白血病化疗对垂体、性腺、甲状腺激素的影响

目的评价儿童急性白血病(AL)及联合化疗对其垂体、性腺、甲状腺激素的影响。方法测定37例(男23例,女14例)AL患儿化疗前后和20例对照组血清促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)、催乳素(PRL)、生长激素(GH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平。结果AL患儿FSH、LH、T、E2、GH、FT4、TSH水平化疗前后及对照组各组差异无显著意义(P>0.05),PRL水平治疗前高于对照组(P<0.01),男童PRL水平治疗前后比较差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。FT3治疗前低于对照组(P<0.001),治疗后趋于正常(P>0.05)。结论AL本身及联合化疗对患儿垂体-性腺轴功能及GH水平无明显影响。AL本身可使PRL水平升高,而化疗药物可抑制男童PRL的分泌。联合化疗对甲状腺功能无影响,FT3水平对判断AL患儿病情变化、疗效及预后有一定参考意义。     

预防性维修在放射设备维修中的探索

介绍我们对放射设备进行预防性维修的探索工作,总结在放射科实施预防性维修的意义。     

长期服抗精神病药病人的隐性运动障碍

目的：评估抗精神病药对迟发性运动障碍（ＴＤ）的掩盖,即隐性运动障碍（ｃｏｖｅｒｔ ｄｙｓｋｉｎｅ－ｓｉａ）状况。方法应用Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ运动障碍评分表评定ＴＤ。入组的６９例病人有２３例病人完成了减药之前、停药三周后和再服药四个月后的ＴＤ评定,６９例次检查都给于隶像,并且两个评定者按照录像独立评定ＴＤ是否存在,评定ＴＤ的一致性良好（ＩＣＣ＝０．７５）。结果完成整个调查的２３例病人中,减药前ＴＤ出现率为     

Development and Face Validity of Explicit indicators of Appropriateness of Long Term Prescribing

Objectives: To develop a set of explicit and operationalisable indicators of appropriate prescribing and assess their face validity using clinical pharmacists practising in secondary and primary care. Method: Appropriateness indicators were derived from the literature, applied to data in the hospital clinical records of all newly prescribed long-term drugs for 50 randomly selected patients, further refined and then applied to another 25 randomly selected patients. A pre-piloted postal questionnaire was sent to 200 hospitals and primary care pharmacists, asking them to assess the indicators as to their importance for the assessment of appropriateness of long-term prescribing initiated in hospitals. Results: Fourteen indicators were developed and piloted. Of the 16 original indicators, 5 were discarded, as they were unable to be operationalised, and 2 were subdivided to reflect the routinely available data. Eighty-six pharmacists with individual patient-focussed clinical duties took part in the assessment of the face validity (response rate 43%). Eleven indicators achieved a median importance rating of 1 (very important), and three indicators a median importance rating of 2 on a 5-point scale. The three most important indicators overall were ‘indication included in discharge summary’, ‘questionable high-risk therapeutic combination’ and ‘hazardous drug-drug combination’. Conclusion: It was possible to develop and operationalise 14 indicators of the appropriateness of long-term prescribing commenced in hospital practice, all of which were considered to have face validity by an expert panel of clinical pharmacists. The development of these explicit indicators highlighted the incompleteness of the patient’s record. Further work is needed to assess their validity and reliability, before their use in research or audit can be recommended.     

Computer-assisted medication review for asthmatic patients as a basis for intervention Constructing and validating an algorithmic computer instrument in pharmacy practice

OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a computer instrument that identifies asthma patients receiving--theoretically--suboptimal drug therapy in community pharmacies, by the use of patient medication records. This selection enables the pharmacist to assist these patients in using medicines appropriately. METHODS: According to Dutch asthma guidelines which describe a stepwise approach and in order to define correct profiles for the use at each level of these guidelines, the optimum use of drugs in the different levels in asthma treatment was expressed in defined daily doses (DDDs) per pharmacological drug-group during a period of one year. An algorithmic computer instrument was developed to select patients with medication use deviant from these profiles. By using nine different selection profiles, the computer instrument stratified patients according to the medication records filed in the pharmacy computer. Patient medication records in four community pharmacies were investigated to validate the selection profiles as indicators for theoretically suboptimal drug use by asthma patients. The validation was performed by comparing the professional judgement of participating pharmacists with the selections made by the computer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the selection made by algorithmic computer instrument. Rate of false-positive results. RESULTS: The computer instrument identified asthma patients using theoretically suboptimal drug therapy with approximately 95% predictive value compared with the professional judgement of the pharmacists. The rate of false-positive results was 5%. CONCLUSION: The results of the algorithmic computer instrument and the professional judgement of the pharmacists are in close agreement. The instrument will be utilised in further research in the IPMP study (Interventions on the principle of Pulmonary Medication Profiles) investigating the role of Dutch community pharmacists in counselling patients who are at risk of suboptimal drug use in the treatment of their asthma.