A pilot study of cadre training to promote responsible self-medication in Indonesia: Which is better specific or general modules?

In 2015, the Indonesian Government initiated ‘Smart Use of Medications Movement’ (‘GeMa CerMat’) which included cadre training to promote responsible self-medication. Evaluation of a pilot training conducted across Indonesia suggested the need to improve those training modules. This study aimed to assess cadre’ knowledge gained following training with newly developed general or specific training modules. Five types of modules were developed and used to train cadres at five Community Health Centres (CHCs) in Surabaya, Indonesia: 1) Sidosermo CHC (general-drugs module), 2) Tenggilis CHC (common cold drugs module), 3) Gunung Anyar CHC (analgesic drugs module), 4) Kalirungkut CHC (anti-diarrhoeal drugs module), and 5) Jagir CHC (indigestion drugs module). Cadres’ knowledge improvements were evaluated using pre-/post-test scores and the difference scores depending on the module being tested. Multifactorial ANOVA explored the effects of the type of module on difference scores. A total of 279 cadres across five CHCs were involved in the training, giving response rates from 65% to 93%. There was an increase in the post-test scores after the training with all modules. However, significant differences were reported only for the specific-drugs module groups (all p < .001). Furthermore, the general module group had the lowest difference score (1.12; 95% CI [−0.45, 2.92]) while the common cold module group had the highest gain (5.02; 95% CI [1.95, 5.17]). Multifactorial ANOVA revealed that there was a significant main effect of the type of modules on difference scores [F (4, 263) = 8.37, p <.001]. In conclusion, this preliminary study indicated that the development of modules for specific minor illnesses could be beneficial in facilitating effective community-based training to promote responsible self-medication in Indonesia. The priority for therapeutic areas chosen for the module should be based on the local needs. Further research is required to confirm the findings in broader community members.     

哈尔滨市2型糖尿病致病危险因素的研究

目的 了解2型糖尿病的致病危险因素,并结合本地情况提出相应的防治对策。方法 对哈尔滨五家医院住院的2型糖尿病病人进行1：1病例对照研究。结果 2型糖尿病病人具有家族史、肥胖、精神等13个因素的比例高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 家族史、肥胖、高血压等与糖尿病有着密切的关系。     

新兵基础训练军训伤预防的主导措施

目的　评价新兵基础训练期间军训伤的预防措施 .方法　以驻陕某部新兵 2个连为研究对象 ,随机决定一连为重点措施分队 ,重点措施为对 5 km跑予以一定限制 :开训后第一个月不安排 5 km跑 ,跑步距离逐渐增加 ,从第二个月起每周 5 km跑 3次以下 ,间日进行 ;二连为综合措施分队 ,综合措施包括 :1同重点措施 ;2培训班排骨干 ;3心理测试与心理疏导 ;4上卫生课 (3次 ) .结果　综合措施分队军训伤的累积发生率为 2 8.6 % ,明显高于重点措施分队 11.6 % ,P<0 .0 1,两组在正课军事训练科目和时数安排上相同 ,心理测试无明显差别 .综合措施分队与重点措施分队在落实限跑措施方面实际 5 km跑累计数 (145 km对 10 5 km)和每周 5 km跑超过 4次的周数 (4 wk对 1wk)均有较大差别 .结论　 5 km跑是致伤的主要因素 .预防军训伤的主导措施应是科学训练 ,加强训练组织与管理 ,其他措施只能做为辅助     

Primary and preventive care in a university obstetrics and gynecology group practice

Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether primary and preventive care is practiced by a university obstetrician-gynecologist group practice.Study design: A retrospective chart review spanning 2 years of four academic physicians' private practices was performed. A total of 335 patients were reviewed with 739 patient encounters and 1032 patient problems identified. The definition of a primary care physician according to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists was used to standardize data collection and evaluation.Results: Obstetric complaints accounted for 27.7% of all visits, whereas 65.4% were for gynecologic problems. Almost 7% of all complaints were neither obstetric nor gynecologic, and of those 74.6% were primary care problems completely managed by the obstetrician-gynecologist. Only 19.7% of these were referred for management. More than 89% of all encounters () involved some element of primary care.Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the majority of health care provided by the obstetrician-gynecologists is primary care.     

北京市西城区1989～1997年预防接种副反应分析

为分析发生预防接种副反应的原因,以控制和降低副反应的发生率,对１９８９～１９９７ 年北京市西城区预防接种副反应的监测资料做了分析。１９８９～１９９７ 年北京市西城区预防接种副反应发生率为３８－４９／１０ 万。其中１９９４ 年副反应发生率最低,为０－８４／１０ 万;１９９７ 年副反应发生率最高,为３１６－５７／１０ 万。副反应发生年龄以６ 岁最多,占总反应的７２－７０ ％ ;其次为＜ １ 岁,占９－３９％ 。９０－０９ ％ 的副反应发生在接种后≤１ 天。８８－１７％ 的副反应与接种≥２ 次同种疫苗有关。一般反应、加重反应、异常反应分别占总反应的２－０９％ 、７０－６１％ 、２７－３０％ 。其中１５７ 例异常反应中过敏反应占５９－２４％ ,非特异性反应占４０－７６％ 。     

HFJV联合药物治疗兔海水淹溺肺水肿

目的：观察高频喷射通气（HFJV）联合4种药物治疗海水淹溺肺水肿（PE-SWD）的效果并探讨其作用机制。方法：用海水灌注的方法诱导PE-SWD模型,采用HFJV联合地塞米松、东莨菪碱、尼莫地平和果糖二磷酸钠4种药物进行治疗,观察记录相关的生理、生化指标。结果：HFJV联合4种药物治疗能明显改善PE-SWD相关指标。结论：HFJV联合4种药物治疗能有效治疗PE-SWD,可作为其基础治疗。     

Developing rational protocols for paediatric psychopharmacological prescribing.

The number of child psychiatrists, paediatricians and general practitioners prescribing psychotropic medication for children in the UK is increasing. Medication is being used not just to treat children of normal intelligence with hyperkinetic disorder or depression, but also to modify behavioural problems in children with developmental disorders and severe learning difficulties. Literature reviews highlight the lack of robust randomized controlled drug trials on which to base clinical practice and the authors have found no appropriate existing protocols to help develop a systematized approach. Against such a background the authors have developed a comprehensive set of protocols covering prescribing details for individual drugs, and also addressing issues such as informed consent, long-term monitoring and school liaison. All children referred to the authors' clinics go through a standardized decision-making process. This article describes both the protocols themselves and the philosophies that guided their development. The authors describe how such a system benefits the children, their families, general practitioners and schools, whilst also facilitating audit and research.     

Core competencies for preventive medicine residents: Version 2.0

During the early 1990s, the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), with support from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), identified core competencies and performance indicators (measures to assess their achievement) for all preventive medicine residents. After the competencies were approved, distributed by the ACPM and HRSA, and published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, they were integrated in various ways into the operation of individual residency programs. Changes in the health care system during the decade, however, necessitated an update of the original competencies to better equip preventive medicine educators to prepare residents for new roles those in preventive medicine can play in a restructured health care system. HRSA funded an effort to produce Version 2.0 of the preventive medicine competencies based on review and refinement of the original competencies through a consensus process. This article includes these revised core competencies and performance indicators.     

血清唾液酸测定在预防性体检及肿瘤监测中的应用：唾液酸系统研究

目的　探讨血清总唾液酸（ＴＳＡ） 在预防性体检中应用的可行性及评价其监测恶性肿瘤的临床意义。方法　用化学比色法测定健康年检工人血清ＴＳＡ,分析４８２ 名ＴＳＡ 可疑阳性或阳性工人健康状况,研究２ ３０３ 名交警血清ＴＳＡ 与职业健康监护评定标准的关系、随访１０ ３７３ 名２ ～４ 年前测定血清ＴＳＡ 工人的健康状况、临床观察９４ 例恶性肿瘤患者ＴＳＡ 水平治疗前后变化。结果　（１）ＴＳＡ 在预防性体检中表明：①在４８２ 名ＴＳＡ 可疑阳性或阳性受检者中,肿瘤患者（１０ 例,２－５０ ±０－２１ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ） 血清ＴＳＡ 水平高于慢性疾病患者（２４０ 例,２－３９ ±０－２５） ,而后者又明显高于未患病的追踪观察者（２３２ 例,２－１４ ±０－２４） ,Ｐ＜ ０－００１ ;②按照广州市职业健康监护标准发现２ ３０３ 名广州交警血清ＴＳＡ 水平健康组明显低于异常组、追踪观察组和尚健康组,Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０－００１ ;③随访发现,原ＴＳＡ 可疑阳性或阳性者新患恶性肿瘤和非恶性肿瘤疾病者明显高于ＴＳＡ 阴性者（ Ｐ＜ ０－００１） 。（２） 在肿瘤监测中发现：９４ 例恶性肿瘤患者ＴＳＡ 水平明显高于健康对照组,病人治疗后病情稳定或好转者ＴＳＡ 明显下     

多巴酚丁胺与复方丹参注射液联用治疗肺心病心衰32例

目的　观察多巴酚丁胺与复方丹参注射液联合应用治疗肺心病心衰的疗效; 方法　在综合治疗的基础上,将多巴酚丁胺２０ｍｇ 加入１０％ 的葡萄糖２５０ｍｌ 中静滴, 复方丹参注射液１６ｍｌ 加入１０％ 的葡萄糖２５０ｍｌ 中静滴,每日一次,７ 日为一疗程,所获数据经卡方检验; 结果　治疗组显效２１ 例,有效８ 例,总有效率９０．６ ％（ Ｘ２ ＝９ ．３６,Ｐ＜０ ．０５）,与对照组比较,有显著性差异; 结论　改善肺微循环,提高心肌收缩力,减轻心脏负荷有助于肺心病心衰的纠正。