医院人员咽部机会致病菌与岗位相关性的研究

目的 了解医院各类人员咽部带菌及药敏状况，以加强医院感染的预防和控制。方法 采用常规方法进行302份咽拭子标本培养和菌种鉴定，选择15种抗菌药物，用纸片扩散法对所分离的菌种进行药敏试验。结果 医院人员咽部机会致病菌的分离率为30．13％，护理人员咽部带菌率为41.32％，明显高于医技（20％，P〈0．05）和管理人员（9．52％，P〈0．01），临床医师（29．29％）高于管理人员（9．52％，P〈0．05）；副流感嗜血菌占分离菌株的56．57％，金黄色葡萄球菌占20．2％，肺炎克雷伯菌占10．1％，表皮葡萄球菌占7．07％；金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素和苯唑西林的耐药率分别为75％和60％，表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素和苯唑西林的耐药率分别为57．1％和85．7％；副流感嗜血菌对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢哌酮和庆大霉素耐药率为100．0％，对阿米卡星耐药率达98．2％。结论 医院各类人员咽部机会致病菌携带率存在差异；临床医护人员带菌率最高，管理人员最低；G^＋菌对青霉素和苯唑西林耐药率高，副流感嗜血菌对多种常用抗菌药物耐药；医院工作人员中临床医护人员是预防和控制医院感染的重点。     

Potential association of specific Candida parapsilosis genotypes,bloodstream infections and colonization of health workers' hands

Fungal nosocomial infections continue to be a serious problem among hospitalized patients, decreasing quality of life and adding millions of euros to healthcare costs. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of fungi associated with the hands of healthcare workers and to genotype Candida parapsilosis isolates in order to understand whether their high clinical prevalence stems from endemic nosocomial genotypes or from the real emergence of epidemiologically-unrelated strains. Approximately 39% (50/129) of healthcare workers were positive for yeasts and among 77 different fungal isolates recovered, C. parapsilosis was the most frequent (44/77; 57%). Twenty-seven diverse genotypes were obtained by microsatellite analysis of 42 selected blood and hand isolates. Most of the isolates from hands showed a new, unrelated, genotype, whereas a particular group of closely related genotypes prevailed in blood samples. Some of the latter genotypes were also found on the hands of healthcare workers, indicating a persistence of these clones within our hospital. C. parapsilosis genotypes from the hands were much more heterogeneous than clinical ones, thus reflecting a high genetic diversity among isolates, which is notably unusual and unexpected for this species.     

Incidence of Listeria species in bovine,ovine, caprine,camel and water buffalo milk using cultural method and the PCR assay

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence rate of Listeria species in bovine, ovine, caprine, camel and water buffalo milk in Iran.MethodsFrom September 2010 to December 2011 a total of 260 bulk milk samples including 85 bovine, 37 camel, 34 water buffalo, 56 ovine and 48 caprine bulk milk samples were collected from commercial dairy herds, in Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran and were evaluated for the presence of Listeria species using cultural method and the PCR assay.ResultsUsing cultural method, 19 samples (7.3%) were positive for Listeria spp. The highest prevalence of Listeria was found in raw water buffalo milk (11.8%), followed by raw bovine milk (10.6%), raw ovine milk (7.1%), and raw caprine milk (4.2%) samples. All 37 camel milk samples from 20 camel breeding farms were negative for Listeria spp. The overall prevalence of Listeria was 7.3%, in which Listeria innocua was the most recovered species (4.2%); the remaining isolates were Listeria monocytogenes (1.9%), Listeria ivanovii (0.08%) and Listeria seeligari (0.04%). The PCR assay could identify 8 Listeria-contaminated milk samples that were negative using the cultural method.ConclusionsThe results presented in this study indicate the potential risk of infection with Listeria in people consuming raw and unpasteurized milk.     

The primary microbial pathogens associated with premature rupture of the membranes in China: A systematic review

To describe the spectrum of pathogens isolated from Chinese women experiencing premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) and those of their neonates, in order to provide effective management of PROM. We searched Ovid Medline, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals up to April 2012. The quality of studies was assessed utilizing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement. Among the included 36 studies, 11 (30.55%) were deemed to be at Level A, 12 (33.33%) at Level B, three (8.33%) at Level C, and 10 (27.78%) at Level D. Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli were the two primary microorganisms isolated from women with PROM and their infants. Subgroup analysis showed the distribution of microorganisms from the six regions of China varied. Staphylococcus bacteria were resistant to penicillins, except oxacillin, but more sensitive to first- and second-generation cephalosporins. Escherichia were sensitive to first- and second-generation cephalosporins and were more sensitive to aztreonam than cephalosporins. The main pathogens derived from women with PROM and their newborns were Staphylococcus and E. coli, which differs from the pathogens in Western countries. Hence, one might infer that the pathogens involved in PROM should be defined in each region to maximize antibiotic effectiveness. In addition, randomized controlled studies are needed to compare prophylactic use of antibiotics versus use of antibiotics after a positive culture for newborn infants with a history of PROM.     

Apoptosis driven infection

Professional phagocytes like polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) and macrophages (MF) kill pathogens as the first line of defense. These cells possess numerous effector mechanisms to eliminate a threat at first contact. However, several microorganisms still manage to evade phagocytic killing, survive and retain infectivity. Some pathogens have developed strategies to silently infect their preferred host phagocytes. The best example of an immune silencing phagocytosis process is the uptake of apoptotic cells. Immune responses are suppressed by the recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer leaflet of their plasma membrane. Taking Leishmania major as a prototypic intracellular pathogen, we showed that these organisms can use the apoptotic “eat me” signal PS to silently enter PMN. PS-positive and apoptotic parasites, in an altruistic way, enable the intracellular survival of the viable parasites. Subsequently these pathogens again use PS exposition, now on infected PMN, to silently invade their definitive host cells, the MF. In this review, we will focus on L. major evasion strategies and discuss other pathogens and their use of the apoptotic “eat me” signal PS to establish infection.     

伏暑病因及辨治源流考

从病名、病因病机、辨证治疗三个方面总结历代医家对伏暑的认识。认为伏暑起源于《黄帝内经》,《丹溪心法附余》最早将伏暑定为病名。直至清代各医家才明确认识到,伏暑是由于夏月摄生不慎,感受暑邪,潜伏体内,至秋季为时令之邪所引发的一类温病。伏暑的病因包括内因和外因两种,而外因又有先因与诱因之分,伏暑的发病与邪气性质、正气强弱、季节时令三方面因素密切相关。历代医家分别从辨邪气性质、三焦辨证、脏腑辨证等不同辨证体系进行治疗。辨伏邪的性质需先辨明是暑热还是暑湿,再分虚实,三焦辨证是以三焦为纲分别对太阴、阳明、少阴、厥阴伏暑加以论治,脏腑辨证则是根据邪气所伏脏腑之不同探讨相应治法。     

Disclosing respiratory co-infections: a broad-range panel assay for avian respiratory pathogens on a nanofluidic PCR platform

Respiratory syndromes (RS) are among the most significant pathological conditions in edible birds and are caused by complex coactions of pathogens and environmental factors. In poultry, low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses, metapneumoviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Mycoplasma spp. Escherichia coli and/or Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in turkeys are considered as key co-infectious agents of RS. Aspergillus sp., Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum or Chlamydia psittaci may also be involved in respiratory outbreaks. An innovative quantitative PCR method, based on a nanofluidic technology, has the ability to screen up to 96 samples with 96 pathogen-specific PCR primers, at the same time, in one run of real-time quantitative PCR. This platform was used for the screening of avian respiratory pathogens: 15 respiratory agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi potentially associated with respiratory infections of poultry, were targeted. Primers were designed and validated for SYBR green real-time quantitative PCR and subsequently validated on the Biomark high throughput PCR nanofluidic platform (Fluidigm©, San Francisco, CA, USA). As a clinical assessment, tracheal swabs were sampled from turkeys showing RS and submitted to this panel assay. Beside systematic detection of E. coli, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae were frequently detected, with distinctive co-infection patterns between French and Moroccan flocks. This proof-of-concept study illustrates the potential of such panel assays for unveiling respiratory co-infection profiles in poultry.     

4238份血培养标本的病原菌分布情况及耐药性研究

目的对该院2012年6月至2016年6月血培养标本中病原菌分布情况及耐药性的研究。方法选用BD Bactec FX-200血培养分析仪对2012年6月至2016年6月共4 238份标本进行检测并对鉴定结果进行回顾性分析。结果 4 238份血培养标本中检测出阳性标本455株,阳性率为10.74%,革兰阳性菌占38.02%,革兰阴性菌占60.00%,真菌占1.98%;主要分布在新生儿和中老年患者中,分别为6.78%和76.17%。其中肠杆菌科占54.10%,以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,非发酵菌占2.90%。革兰阳性球菌以葡萄球菌属为主,占25.87%。肠杆菌科对美罗培南、亚胺培南等较为敏感,非发酵菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦较为敏感,葡萄球菌和链球菌对万古霉素较为敏感。结论结合患者病原菌分布及耐药情况,临床医生应合理用药增强菌血症和真菌血症的治愈率。     

Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Viral Pathogens among Health-Care Workers and Risk Mitigation Programme in a Paediatric Tertiary Care Hospital

The health-care workers (HCWs) are at an occupational risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens, mainly, HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus. HBV is currently the only blood-borne virus for which a vaccine is available. All health-care institutions must encourage the HCWs to undergo screening for blood-borne pathogens.     

Chemical screening identifies filastatin,a small molecule inhibitor of Candida albicans adhesion,morphogenesis, and pathogenesis

Infection by pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans, begins with adhesion to host cells or implanted medical devices followed by biofilm formation. By high-throughput phenotypic screening of small molecules, we identified compounds that inhibit adhesion of C. albicans to polystyrene. Our lead candidate compound also inhibits binding of C. albicans to cultured human epithelial cells, the yeast-to-hyphal morphological transition, induction of the hyphal-specific HWP1 promoter, biofilm formation on silicone elastomers, and pathogenesis in a nematode infection model as well as alters fungal morphology in a mouse mucosal infection assay. We term this compound filastatin based on its strong inhibition of filamentation, and we use chemical genetic experiments to show that it acts downstream of multiple signaling pathways. These studies show that high-throughput functional assays targeting fungal adhesion can provide chemical probes for study of multiple aspects of fungal pathogenesis.