The effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on the cytokines and peritoneal function in rats with peritoneal fibrosis

Abstract

Background: Due to the long-term and chronic exposure to the peritoneal dialysis fluid, patients could develop peritoneal fibrosis and ultrafiltration failure which compromises treatment efficacy and outcome, and fibrosis is the major cause of peritoneal dialysis (PD) withdraw among patients. Methods: Twenty-one male WISTAR rats were randomly assigned to three groups, namely saline group, standard peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) group, and panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) group. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced by daily injection of PDF for 4 weeks. After execution, multiple histological techniques including HE and Masson's trichrome staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to observe the pathological changes and concentrations of multiple cytokines may involve in the process of fibrosis were determined by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Biochemistry parameters were determined by automated chemistry analyzer. Results: PNS can significantly inhibit the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in the peritoneum of rats. Furthermore, pathological damages, including extracellular matrix deposition, vascularization, and fibroblast, were ameliorated in PNS group when being compared with standard PDF group. Peritoneal functions were improved by regular PNS treatment with significantly elevated ultrafiltration. Conclusion: PNS is capable of improving peritoneal function in subjects with PDF exposure and can possibly applied in patients with PD after further verification.     

宁夏枸杞叶中的化学成分

目的研究中药宁夏枸杞叶中的化学成分。方法使用70%乙醇对宁夏枸杞叶进行提取,所得浸膏混悬后依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇进行萃取。分别取乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层,使用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、制备液相色谱及薄层色谱等色谱技术进行分离纯化,利用理化常数和核磁共振、质谱等波谱学技术对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从宁夏枸杞叶70%乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯萃取层和正丁醇萃取层中分离鉴定了10个化合物,分别为对甲氧基苯甲酸(1),对甲氧基肉桂酸(2),东莨菪素(3),对羟基苯甲醛(4),对羟基苯乙酮(5),(Z)-2-亚乙基-3-甲基丁二酸(6),槲皮素(7),腺苷(8),东莨菪苷(9),芦丁(10)。结论化合物1,2,4,6,8为首次从枸杞属植物中分离得到,化合物3,5,9为首次从宁夏枸杞叶中分离得到。     

Two new saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng

Two new saponins, notoginsenosides Ng1 (1) and Ng2 (2), together with seven known compounds (3–9), were isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR experiments. Compounds 6 and 7 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against HCT-116, with IC₅₀ values of 4.98 and 0.64 μmol/L, respectively.     

HPLC测定桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁和木犀草苷含量

目的建立同时测定桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁和木犀草苷含量的方法。方法样品用70％乙醇溶液提取,采用Phenomenex LunaC18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）分离;流动相：0．1％磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速：1：0mL·min^-1;检测波长：348nm。结果绿原酸、芦丁、木犀草苷分别在3．048～152．4,1．059～52．96,1．437-71．85μg·mL一内具有良好的线性关系;加标回收率分别为100．4％,98.3％,98．7％;RSD分别为1．7％,2．0％,1．9％（n=9）。结论该方法简单易行,准确性和重复性好,可用于桑叶的质量控制。     

三七叶总皂苷脂质体凝胶剂的研制与质量评价

目的：研究三七叶总皂苷脂质体凝胶剂的制备方法,并进行质量评价。方法：以薄膜分散法制备脂质体,通过正交试验设计优化三七叶总皂苷脂质体的处方。采用高速离心法测定其包封率,以包封率的高低做为脂质体优劣的评价指标,筛选出制备脂质体的最佳工艺。并进一步制备成凝胶,采用高效液相色谱法测定其中人参皂苷Rb3的含量,并初步观察其稳定性。结果：所制凝胶剂为半透明粘稠状胶体,考察符合《中国药典》2010年版的相关规定,稳定性良好,皮肤刺激性小。结论：本制剂制备工艺简单可行,检测方法可靠,质量稳定可控。     

木瓜叶化学成分的预试验

目的:通过预实验,初步探索木瓜叶的化学成分。方法:采用化学反应鉴别法分别对广西产木瓜叶水提取液、乙醇提取液和石油醚提取液进行化学成分预试验。结果:预试验项目中的黄酮类、酚类、香豆素与内酯、强心苷、挥发油及油脂、植物甾醇、三萜类、糖类、苷类、鞣质、有机酸、生物碱项目均出现正反应现象,其他项目出现负反应现象。结论:通过实验发现木瓜叶中可能含有黄酮类、酚类、香豆素与内酯、强心苷、挥发油及油脂、植物甾醇、三萜类、糖类、苷类、鞣质、有机酸、生物碱这些化学成分,为进一步进行该植物的生物活性成分研究提供了实验基础。     

薏苡叶总碱抗氧化研究

目的:研究广西薏苡叶总碱的抗氧化性,为薏苡叶的开发利用提供参考依据。方法:以75%乙醇为溶剂提取薏苡叶中的总碱类物质,采取比色法测定薏苡叶总碱对DPPH·、O2-和·OH 3三种自由基的清除作用以及对Fe3+还原能力。结果:薏苡叶有较强的清除作用及还原Fe3+能力。结论:清除率与浓度存在明显的量效关系,当总碱浓度为0.50 mg/ml时,其清除率O2-·为43.5%,DPPH·为69.2%,·OH为11.2%;还原Fe3+能力随总碱的浓度增加而增强。     

A randomized controlled study of dose-finding,efficacy, and safety of mulberry leaves on glycemic profiles in obese persons with borderline diabetes

ObjectivesMulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves have been used in traditional medicine for treating hyperglycemia. However, there remains difficulties in the implementation of mulberry leaves in evidence-based practice. The aims of this study were to examine the optimal dose of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in mulberry leaves and to determine the efficacy and safety of mulberry leaves in glycemic control in obese persons with borderline diabetes.DesignFirst, healthy adults were recruited into the dose-finding study and randomly allocated to ingest sucrose solution concurrently with mulberry leaf powder at weights equivalent to 0 (control), 6, 12, and 18 mg of DNJ. Postprandial glucose and undesirable effects were evaluated. Second, obese persons with borderline diabetes were randomly assigned into the mulberry-leaves treatment group (12 mg of mulberry DNJ three times daily) and the control group in the 12-week prospective study. Blood glucose and insulin as well as adverse effects were determined.ResultsTwelve mg of mulberry DNJ was the minimum effective dose attenuating postprandial hyperglycemia. Mulberry leaves decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by 3.86 ± 5.99 mg/dL (p = 0.002) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.11 ± 0.22 % (p = 0.011) when compared with the baseline levels. Improvement in glucose tolerance was not observed. Furthermore, mulberry leaves tended to ameliorate insulin resistance (p = 0.057). Adverse events of mulberry leaves commonly found in this study were gastrointestinal symptoms including bloating, flatulence, and loose stools.ConclusionMulberry leaves possessed favorable effects on glycemic profiles without serious side effects.     

三七总皂苷及其制剂治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）是糖尿病常见的并发症,也是导致糖尿病患者失明的主要原因,严重影响糖尿病患者的生活质量。目前,临床上治疗DR的主要手段包括手术治疗、激光治疗以及药物治疗。其中,药物治疗能够对病情发展的多个环节进行干预,并减少激光治疗和手术治疗引起的相关并发症。然而,由于眼部结构的特殊性,导致药物的生物利用度较低,迫切需要寻求和开发疗效好、毒副作用低的药物以及合适剂型。中药具有历史悠久、来源广泛、多靶点协同作用等优点,在治疗DR方面具有独特优势。三七总皂苷是从中药三七中提取的主要有效活性成分群,目前已被证实具有治疗DR的作用。文章对三七总皂苷治疗DR的机制及其临床应用于DR的剂型进行分析与归纳,对三七总皂苷的药物剂型开发前景提出展望。     

三七皂苷对高氧诱导的早产儿视网膜病变小鼠血管新生及脂联素和肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的 研究三七皂苷对高氧诱导的早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)小鼠血管新生及脂联素(APN)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响.方法 将45只新生C57BL/6J小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、ROP组和三七皂苷组,每组15只.采用Smith法建立ROP模型.三七皂苷组小鼠每日腹腔注射三七皂苷药液4μL,正常对照组...