儒学阻碍科学论调的由来与反思简

儒学阻碍科学的论调是伴随着西学东进的进程出现的，其对儒学的消极影响延续至今。“李约瑟难题”的提出，助长了阻碍论调的盛行。探讨儒学与科学之间的关系，既要分析科学对于儒学的意义所在，通过界定“科学”的不同内涵，解读科学的工具价值；又要研究儒学“阻碍”科学的另一面，即分析儒学为何没有阻碍古代科学的进步发展，阐述价值理性与工具理性其实并不矛盾。儒学阻碍科学论调的出现，是多种因素的交织：既存在中西不同文化之间的冲突，也即“欧洲文化中心论”对比中国传统儒学文化自身的缺陷；同时也有对科学的推崇和过度解读，等等。“阻碍之说”非此即彼的倾向，不仅抹杀儒学的价值理性，更无益于科学的工具理性。寻求传统儒学与现代科学的契合点，促进两者之间的和谐，实现共同发展才是关键。     

Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria

Espinós C, García‐Cazorla A, Martínez‐Rubio D, Martínez‐Martínez E, Vilaseca MA, Pérez‐Dueñas B, Ko?ich V, Palau F, Artuch R. Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria. Hereditary cystathioninuria is due to mutations in the CTH gene that encodes for cystathionase, a pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme. To date, mutations in this gene have been described in 10 unrelated cystathioninuric patients. Enzyme assays have showed that mutated cystathionase exhibits lower activity than controls. As cystathioninuria is usually accompanied by a wide variety of symptoms, it has been questioned whether it is a disease or just a biochemical finding not associated with the clinical picture of these patients. This is the first report of Spanish patients with cystathioninuria and mild to severe neurological symptoms in childhood. After oral pyridoxine therapy biochemical parameters have normalized but clinical amelioration was not evident. All patients were homozygotes for the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant which is the most prevalent inactivating mutation in the CTH gene. To further investigate the history of the alleles carrying the c.200C>T transition in Europe, we also constructed the haplotypes on the CTH locus in our Spanish patients as well as in a clinical series of cystathioninuric patients from the Czech Republic harboring the same nucleotide change. We suggest that the CTH p.T67I substitution could have an ancient common origin, which probably occurred in the Neolithic Era and spread throughout Europe.     

Emerging Importance of Geographical Indications and Designations of Origin – Authenticating Geo‐Authentic Botanicals and Implications for Phytotherapy

Pharmacopoeial monographs providing specifications for composition, identity, purity, quality, and strength of a botanical are developed based on analysis of presumably authenticated botanical reference materials. The specimens should represent the quality traditionally specified for the intended use, which may require different standards for medicinal versus food use. Development of quality standards monographs may occur through collaboration between a sponsor company or industry association and a pharmacopoeial expert committee. The sponsor may base proposed standards and methods on their own preferred botanical supply which may, or may not, be geo‐authentic and/or correspond to qualities defined in traditional medicine formularies and pharmacopoeias. Geo‐authentic botanicals are those with specific germplasm, cultivated or collected in their traditional production regions, of a specified biological age at maturity, with specific production techniques and processing methods. Consequences of developing new monographs that specify characteristics of an ‘introduced’ cultivated species or of a material obtained from one unique origin could lead to exclusion of geo‐authentic herbs and may have therapeutic implications for clinical practice. In this review, specifications of selected medicinal plants with either a geo‐authentic or geographical indication designation are discussed and compared against official pharmacopoeial standards for same genus and species regardless of origin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虎掌南星加工炮制一体化工艺优化

目的 优化虎掌南星加工炮制一体化工艺.方法 以口尝麻辣感以及草酸钙针晶的含有量为指标,设计和建立虎掌南星产地加工炮制一体化的方法,在单因素考察的基础上,以温度、时间、白矾用量为考察因素,草酸钙针晶、水溶性浸出物及水麦冬酸含有量为响应值,采用BOX-Behnken响应面法优选制虎掌南星产地加工炮制一体化工艺.结果 最佳条件为白矾、生姜加水煮沸后,趁热投入鲜南星煮沸60 min,停火浸泡2d,再以原汁水蒸气加热,温度125℃,时间37 min,取出,洗净晾至七成干,切片.鲜虎掌南星-白矾-生姜用量比100∶ 12∶10.结论 该方法简便、稳定、可行,可用于虎掌南星的炮制.