糖尿病合并肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞学分析

目的评价糖尿病合并肺炎病人抗生素治疗2周后支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中细胞学成分的特点,并与非糖尿病的肺炎病人进行比较,了解病灶局部炎症反应及吸收与非糖尿病组有否区别。方法抗生素治疗2周行支气管肺泡灌洗,测定BALF中细胞数、分类及淋巴细胞亚群。复查胸部X光片,对比两组之间BALF中细胞成分及肺部阴影完全吸收占病人的百分比。结果抗炎治疗2周后,糖尿病合并肺炎病人虽然外周血WBC已经恢复正常,但BALF中中性粒细胞的比率明显高于非糖尿病肺炎组(分别为54.89±11.23;27.02±6.95,P<0.05),且淋巴细胞亚群中CD4、CD4/CD8(分别为20.69±5.56;65%)。也较非糖尿病肺炎病人低(43.22±11.03;96%,P<0.01),治疗2周后,非糖尿病肺炎组肺部阴影吸收率为68%,糖尿病合并肺炎组为43.5%(P>0.05)。结论抗生素治疗2周后糖尿病合并肺炎组肺部局部炎症反应仍然存在,肺部阴影有延迟吸收倾向。     

支原体肺炎肺外损伤患儿T细胞亚群、IFNγ、TNFα的变化及意义

目的 探讨支原体肺炎肺外损伤患儿细胞免疫、细胞因子状况和胸腺肽的治疗效果。方法 采用流式细胞仪和酶标仪检测31例支原体肺炎肺外损伤组患儿急性期、恢复期血中CD3CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8干扰素γ（IFNγ）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα水平，并与支原体肺炎组比较。结果 ①急性期支原体肺炎肺外损伤组和支原体肺炎组比较，CD3、CD4显著降低（P〈0．05），TNFα显著升高（P〈0．01），CD8、IFNγ无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；②支原体肺炎肺外损伤组急性期和4周后比较，CD3、CD4、IFNγ升高（P〈0．05），TNFα显著降低（P〈0．01），CD8无变化。用胸腺肽治疗患者以上指标变化更明显。结论 支原体肺炎肺外损伤患儿细胞免疫功能低于支原体肺炎患儿；细胞因子中TNFα早期升高，而IFNγ不明显；恢复期TNFα下降，而IFNγ升高明显。用胸腺肽治疗能缩短病程。     

Prognostic factors for early clinical failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia

For patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), clinical response during the first days of treatment is predictive of clinical outcome. As risk assessments can improve the efficiency of pneumonia management, a prospective cohort study to assess clinical, biochemical and microbiological predictors of early clinical failure was conducted in patients with severe CAP (pneumonia severity index score of >90 or according to the American Thoracic Society definition). Failure was assessed at day 3 and was defined as death, a need for mechanical ventilation, respiratory rate >25/min, PaO2 <55 mm Hg, oxygen saturation <90%, haemodynamic instability, temperature >38 degrees C or confusion. Of 260 patients, 80 (31%) had early clinical failure, associated mainly with a respiratory rate >25/minute (n = 34), oxygen saturation <90% (n = 28) and confusion (n = 20). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, failure was associated independently with altered mental state (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.75-5.80), arterial PaH <7.35 mm Hg (OR 4.29, 95% CI 1.53-12.05) and PaO2 <60 mm Hg (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.97-3.15). A history of heart failure was associated inversely with clinical failure (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.96). Patients who failed to respond had a higher 28-day mortality rate and a longer hospital stay. It was concluded that routine clinical and biochemical information can be used to predict early clinical failure in patients with severe CAP.     

SARS与细菌性典型肺炎的胸部CT特征对比分析

目的：探讨重症急性呼吸综合征(SARS)与细菌性典型肺炎胸部CT特征的异同．方法：回顾性分析28例SARS胸部CT表现与细菌性典型肺炎做对比结果：本组28例患者肺部病变初期多为单发病灶，在右侧外带胸膜下常见。片状磨玻璃样密度病变影存在于各期，而细菌性典型肺炎未见、发病初期和进展期肺容积变小?而细菌性典型肺炎多无此特点。进展期大多数发展为双肺由下至上痛变、恢复期病变由最晚受侵部位消退，遗留纤维化多为最早发生病变部位?而典型肺炎多从近肺门侧开始吸收，进展期局限的肺段、肺叶发展至多个肺叶、肺段，进展较迅速。而细菌性典型肺炎多为单独的肺叶、肺段．恢复期由弥漫性多发病变转变为局限病变，部分病人有肺部纤维化发生，而细菌性典型肺炎大多数吸收较完全，不遗留肺纤维化。结论：SARS所存在的急性间质性肺炎和急性肺炎可利用CT动态检查较准确地与细菌性典型肺炙加以区别。     

哌拉西林/他唑巴坦治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床疗效观察

目的 评价哌拉西林／他唑巴坦治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的安全性和有效性。方法 对33例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者采用哌拉西林／他唑巴坦治疗，每次4．5g,q8h～q12h静脉滴注，疗程7～14d。结果 治疗总有效率84．85％，细菌清除率88．23％，不良反应率3．03％。结论 哌拉西林／他唑巴坦具有安全、低毒、抗菌谱广的特点，是治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的良效药物。     

A controlled trial of dapsone versus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related infection, occurring in 85 % of HIV infected patients without prophylaxis. Preventive treatment is required when CD₄ cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter. Cotrimoxazole has been shown to be highly effective but alternative drug regimens are often necessary because of the frequent drug hypersensitivity exhibited by HIV infected patients. The aim of this prospective, open, randomized, one-site study, involving HIV-infected patients with a CD₄ cell count below 200/mm³, or a percentage under 20%, randomly assigned to receive either dapsone 50 mg daily or Fansidar^® one tablet weekly, was to compare the efficacy and safety of these drugs in the primary prophylaxis of PCP. Both dapsone and Fansidar^® appear to be safe and effective alternative agents for the prevention of PCP. Their role in Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis requires further evaluation.     

三种方案治疗小儿肺炎的药物经济学研究

目的：比较三种方案治疗小儿细菌性肺炎的效率（即费用－效果）。方法：2001年－2002年采用前瞻性随性临床试验A组50例，B组50例，C组50例作为分析模型，以深圳市二级甲等医院收费为标准，采用决策树的分析方法，进行费用一效果分析。结果：每治疗1例有效病人，A、B、C三组方案的期望成本分别为4707．45元，3052．51元，结论：同时考虑临床疗效及医疗费用，C组有最好的费用－效果，值得临床推广应用。     

合肥市部分人群SARS认知及行为态度

目的　了解合肥市部分人群对 SARS的认知情况及行为态度。方法　对合肥市两个社区及一所大学的部分人群共 1332人进行现况调查 ,比较不同性别、职业、文化程度对 SARS的总体认知水平。结果　合肥市人群对 SARS的认知情况尚好 ,总体平均得分 ( 15 .0 2± 1.98)分 (总分 18分 )。结论　合肥市居民对 SARS的认知水平总体较高 ,但存在群体差异 ,卫生行政部门应加强对公众的宣传教育 ,以提高全体居民的健康意识 ,进而预防 SARS的发生     

An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with malignancy

An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in three patients within a 6 week period was reported. Two patients had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and one had brain-stem glioma. They shared common features of immuno-suppression and absence of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and had been nursed in the same room. The severity of PCP and its response to treatment may be related to the degree of immunosuppression. Because of the morbidity and mortality of PCP, chemoprophylaxis should be given to all at-risk cases. Furthermore, isolation of patients with PCP should be considered in view of increasing evidence of nosocomial transmission.     

Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient

Summary A 40-year-old, HIV-infected female patient received antibiotic treatment for a urinary tract infection. After the initial success of therapy and a symptom-free period, she developed pneumonia with septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In spite of intensive care and respirator therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), she died of infectious toxic shock. Autopsy findings showed relapsing, gramnegative, bacterial pneumonia (morphologically compatible with Klebsiella pneumonia) and secondary, invasive aspergillosis. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of these unusual complications of AIDS are discussed.Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome - CDC Centers for Disease Control - HIV human immunodeficiency virus - PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure