Coronavirus nCOVID-19: A pandemic disease and the Saudi precautions

Now nCOVID-19 has a foothold in many countries, and the threat of a pandemic situation has risen. Recently a novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has first emerged in China, causing multiple symptoms in humans and closely related to those caused by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). The nCOVID-19 has reported in Wuhan city of China has recently infected over six million people and at least 0.4 million confirmed deaths all over the world, while 2.8 million people has recovered from this deadly virus. Many instances of this respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection have already reported in more than 216 countries and territories. In contrast, the majority of cases reported in the USA, Brazil, Russia, Spain, UK, Italy, France and many more countries. In today's context, the coronavirus is one of the significant issues faced by the world with plenty of cases. In these circumstances, rapid reviews which recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), and these recommendations are very significant, helpful and cover current data with different preventive measures developed by the Saudi CDC (Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). This review article describes the possible modes of transmission so that proper preventive actions should be taking. Importantly, this work mentioned the animal reservoir through which may infect humans, and it must be identified to break the transmission chain. In additions, this review paper briefly discussed the spread of the coronavirus in the Arabian Peninsula and what precaution measures are in place by each country to limit the spreading of this virus. Finally, since the number of infected people specifically those with close contact with nCOVID-19 patients is increasing daily and appears unstoppable, we used the preventive measures by pharmacists as part of health care professions.     

神经衰弱与西北燥证病机关联性分析

目的:揭示新疆地区神经衰弱与西北燥证的病机联系,为从异病同治角度制定新疆地区神经衰弱防治策略提供流行病学依据。方法:采用病例对照研究设计,收集83例神经衰弱病例组,168例无病对照组,对两组西北燥证罹患率及积分进行比较;对病例组一般辨证中医证情与西北燥证证情作聚类分析及典型相关分析,探求二者之间病机联系。结果:(1)神经衰弱组西北燥证罹患率为62.65%,对照组为17.26%,病例组高于对照组(χ2=52.363,P<0.01)。(2)神经衰弱组西北燥证总积分高于对照组(P<0.01)。病例组肺卫孔窍皮肤燥证、肝肾精血不足证、心肾阴虚证均高于对照组(P<0.01)。尤以心肾阴虚证明显(均数差9.04)。(3)聚类分析提示气滞痰阻证与脾胃阴虚证接近,肝阴亏虚证与肝肾精血不足证接近,气郁化火证与心肾阴虚证接近。(4)典型相关分析第一典型变量r1=0.8622,P<0.01。神经衰弱因变量组肝阴亏虚证载荷系数最大(0.4223),自变量组肝肾精血不足证载荷系数最大(0.5444)。结论:(1)西北燥证是新疆地区神经衰弱罹患者危险因素,并以西北燥证兼证3心肾阴虚证为突出临床表现。(2)西北燥证与神经衰弱病机关联性以肝阴亏虚证及肝肾精血不足证为决定性因素。肝肾精血不足证对神经衰弱证情影响最大。     

High-Fructose,High-Fat Diet Alters Muscle Composition and Fuel Utilization in a Juvenile Iberian Pig Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A “Western-style diet” has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a “Western-style diet” on pediatric skeletal muscle fiber type and fuel utilization, 28 juvenile Iberian pigs were fed either a control diet (CON) or a high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFF), with or without probiotic supplementation, for 10 weeks. The HFF diets increased the total triacylglycerol content of muscle tissue but decreased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the number of type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibers. HFF diets induced autophagy as assessed by LC3I and LC3II, and inflammation, as assessed by IL-1α. No differences in body composition were observed, and there was no change in insulin sensitivity, but HFF diets increased several plasma acylcarnitines and decreased expression of lipid oxidation regulators PGC1α and CPT1, suggesting disruption of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results show that an HFF diet fed to juvenile Iberian pigs produces a less oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, similar to a detraining effect, and reduces the capacity to use lipid as fuel, even in the absence of insulin resistance and obesity.     

Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations

The dynamics of spatially structured populations is characterized by within- and between-patch processes. The available theory describes the latter with simple distance-dependent functions that depend on landscape properties such as interpatch distance or patch size. Despite its potential role, we lack a good mechanistic understanding of how the movement of individuals between patches affects the dynamics of these populations. We used the theoretical framework provided by movement ecology to make a direct representation of the processes determining how individuals connect local populations in a spatially structured population of Iberian lynx. Interpatch processes depended on the heterogeneity of the matrix where patches are embedded and the parameters defining individual movement behavior. They were also very sensitive to the dynamic demographic variables limiting the time moving, the within-patch dynamics of available settlement sites (both spatiotemporally heterogeneous) and the response of individuals to the perceived risk while moving. These context-dependent dynamic factors are an inherent part of the movement process, producing connectivities and dispersal kernels whose variability is affected by other demographic processes. Mechanistic representations of interpatch movements, such as the one provided by the movement-ecology framework, permit the dynamic interaction of birth–death processes and individual movement behavior, thus improving our understanding of stochastic spatially structured populations.     

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism‐dementia complex of the Hohara focus of the Kii Peninsula: A multiple proteinopathy?

The high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia complex (PDC) has been previously known in the Kii Peninsula of Japan and in Guam. Recently, the accumulation of various proteins, such as tau, trans‐activation response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP‐43), and alpha‐synuclein (αSyn), was reported in the brains of patients with ALS/PDC in Guam. To confirm whether similar findings are present in Kii ALS/PDC, we neuropathologically examined the brains and spinal cords of 18 patients with ALS/PDC (clinical diagnoses: eight ALS and 10 PDC) in Hohara Village, which is the eastern focus of Kii ALS. The average age at death was 71.6 years, and 16 patients (88.9%) had a family history of ALS/PDC. Autopsy specimens were immunohistochemically examined with antibodies against four major proteins. Neurofibrillary tangles, including ghost tangles, and tau‐positive astrocytes were distributed widely in all of the brains examined, and TDP‐43‐positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions were observed mainly in the limbic system. Synuclein pathology was present in 14 patients (77.8%). These patients were classified into three pathological subtypes according to the most prominent proteinopathy: the tauopathy‐dominant type, the TDP‐43 proteinopathy‐dominant type, and the synucleinopathy‐dominant type. Five patients with severe tau deposition showed clinical features of atypical parkinsonism and dementia with or without motor neuron disease. Eight patients were predominated by phosphorylated TDP‐43 inclusions and clinically showed ALS, and five patients were predominated by synuclein pathology and clinically showed signs of PDC. Based on the common characteristic tau pathology, three subtypes seemed to be pathologically continuous on a spectrum of a single disease. Thus, we conclude that ALS/PDC in the Hohara focus of the Kii Peninsula is a single disease characterized neuropathologically by a multiple proteinopathy, even though the clinical manifestations of the three subtypes differed from each other. It remains unclear whether the coexistence of the three proteinopathies was incidental or pathogenetically related.     

An initial study on the succession of sarcosaprophagous Diptera (Insecta) on carrion in the southeastern Iberian peninsula

We present the results of the first study concerning Diptera carried out on the sarcosaprophagous fauna of southeastern Spain. This work represents the first attempt to describe dipteran sarcosaprophagous fauna in the Iberian peninsula, the seasonal succession, main features of the population dynamics and the main taxa useful for estimation of the post-mortem interval. The results of this study could be very useful for further forensic case work in the west Mediterranean area. Received: 25 October 1999 / Accepted: 8 February 2000     

中国西北地区健康人群血清总胆红素参考区间的调查

目的探讨中国西北地区健康人群的血清总胆红素(TBIL)水平。方法该次研究从2011年10月至2012年1月,依据C28-P3的指导原则和筛选标准,收取符合筛选标准的人群722人,分别采用7600全自动生化分析仪P模块和Roche重氮法试剂、7600全自动生化分析仪D模块和日本和光WAKO钒酸盐试剂进行检测。用SPSS13.0软件对不同系统间、农村与城市人群间和各年龄段间检测结果进行分析,按C28-P3文件推荐的非参数法计算95%参考区间的上下限。结果血清总胆红素检测结果两种方法、农村与城市人群、各年龄段和性别之间均无统计学意义(P0.05),西北地区血清TBIL最终参考区间为2.19~29.29μmol/L。结论中国西北地区健康人群血清TBIL参考区间与国内目前所用的及国外人群的参考区间存在差异。新的适合中国人群的生化检验项目参考区间的建立,将为中国人群疾病诊断、治疗、预后判断和健康评估提供科学依据。     

2006～2010年雷州半岛鼠疫监测分析

目的 通过对雷州半岛鼠疫宿主、媒介及鼠疫疫源地情况监测,为湛江鼠疫防治提供科学依据.方法 采用夹夜法调查鼠密度,用鼠笼捕活鼠采血清检测鼠疫F1抗体,梳检鼠体寄生蚤检查染蚤情况,开展疫情监测.结果 宿主动物平均总密度6.63％,其中室内密度8.86％,野外密度3.58％;鼠体蚤平均指数0.98,印鼠客蚤平均指数0.84...     

西北农村不同民族之间糖尿病患病情况分析

目的了解西北农村回、汉民族糖尿病及其前期的患病情况和可能的影响因素。方法通过整群随机抽样确定调查人群,经手指血空腹、餐后2 h血糖初筛后确定高危人群,在高危人群中进行标准75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerancetest,OGTT),确定糖尿病及其前期阶段的患病人群。通过"糖尿病流行病学调查表"对抽样对象进行问卷调查,了解基本人口学资料,并进行统计分析。结果降低空腹血糖的切入点至5.6 mmol/L后发现,糖尿病及其前期患病情况在民族(P=0.001)、性别(P=0.047)和年龄分布(P=0.001)等方面差异有统计学意义。不同民族和性别的患者糖尿病及其前期阶段患病情况不同,回族患者女性高于男性(P=0.022)、汉族患者男性高于女性(P=0.001)。回族患者糖尿病标准化患病率(5.87%)高于汉族患者(3.07%)。结论不同民族的患者糖尿病及其前期的患病情况在性别、年龄分布上差异有统计学意义,生活习惯不同可能为重要因素。被调查人群的糖尿病相关知识知晓率普遍较低。