Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity

Rationale Among all animal models, the forced swimming test (FST) remains one of the most used tools for screening antidepressants.Objective This paper reviews some of the main aspects of the FST in mice. Most of the sensitivity and variability factors that were assessed on the FST are summarized.Mechanisms We have summarized data found in the literature of antidepressant effects on the FST in mice. From this data set, we have extrapolated information on baseline levels of strain, and sensitivity against antidepressants.Results We have shown that many parameters have to be considered in this test to gain good reliability. Moreover, there was a fundamental inter-strain difference of response in the FST.Conclusions The FST is a good screening tool with good reliability and predictive validity. Strain is one of the most important parameters to consider. Swiss and NMRI mice can be used to discriminate the mechanisms of action of drugs. CD-1 seems to be the most useful strain for screening purposes, but this needs to be confirmed with some spontaneous locomotor activity studies.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at .     

蒲黄中4个黄酮的对照品

目的建立蒲黄中对照品的研究方法。方法结合大孔吸附树脂、聚酰胺、Sephadex-LH20柱色谱方法对蒲黄中香蒲新苷(typhaneoside,1)、异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷(isorhamnetin-3-O-neohes-peridoside,2)、柚皮素(naringenin,3)和异鼠李素(isorhamnetin,4)进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定,TLC和HPLC进行纯度检查。结果制备得到的香蒲新苷、异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮苷、柚皮素和异鼠李素的纯度分别为99.2%、99.7%、98.0%和96.2%。结论制备方法可作为蒲黄鉴别和含量测定用对照品。     

正交试验法优化白鹤藤中总黄酮和总三萜的提取工艺

目的 优化白鹤藤Argyreia acuta Lout.中总黄酮和总三萜的提取工艺.方法 通过预试验初步确定白鹤藤的化学成分;采用单因素试验和正交试验优化其总黄酮和总三萜的提取工艺.结果 白鹤藤中可能含有有机酸、酚类或鞣质、黄酮、三萜皂苷和香豆素等;总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:80％乙醇,液料比1∶40,于60℃提取80 min,含量为156.079 mg·g-1;总三萜的最佳提取工艺为:60％乙醇,液料比为1∶50,于70℃提取80 min,含量为0.275 mg·g-1.结论 优选的工艺可为白鹤藤资源的研究提供理论依据.     

马来酸氯苯那敏注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立马来酸氯苯那敏注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按照《中国药典》中的细菌内毒素检查法,用不同厂家不同灵敏度的鲎试剂对14个厂家生产的28批马来酸氯苯那敏注射液进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果:样品浓度稀释到0.025mg·mL-1以下对所用细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用,细菌内毒素的限值L为5EU·mg-1;按拟定标准,所有28批样品细菌内毒素检查均符合规定。结论:所建立的鲎试剂法可用于马来酸氯苯那敏注射液的细菌内毒素检查。     

葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法测定阿苯达唑纳米脂质体包封率的方法研究

目的：考察用葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法测定阿苯达唑纳米脂质体包封率的影响因素。方法：考察大、小2种不同粒径（100～300、50～150μm）的葡聚糖凝胶对样品脂质体的分离效果;以方法回收率和脂质体分离比为综合指标,以凝胶柱内径与葡聚糖填充高度比（A）、洗脱流速（B）及上样量（C）为因素设计正交试验,筛选测定脂质体包封率的最优条件,并进行验证试验。结果：小粒径的葡聚糖凝胶对样品分离效果更好;优选测定条件为A：1.2：5、B：5mL·min-1、C：0.5mL;验证试验中平均脂质体分离比（包封率）为（91.56±0.98）%,平均方法回收率为（98.61±0.44）%（n=3）。结论：所建立的阿苯达唑纳米脂质体包封率测定方法准确、重现性好。     

六味热可解颗粒挥发油β-环糊精包合工艺研究

目的研究六味热可解颗粒中挥发油β-环糊精包合的最佳工艺。方法以包合物收得率和挥发油包合率作为评价包合工艺的指标,采用正交试验优选最佳包合工艺条件。结果最佳包合工艺条件为挥发油和β-环糊精包合比例1mL：6g,包合温度40℃,搅拌时间2h。结论正交试验优选的包合工艺合理,包合率高,工艺稳定。     

肛周吹氧后外用云南白药粉治疗新生儿重度臀红

目的观察肛周吹氧后外用云南白药粉治疗新生儿重度臀红的效果。方法将80例重度臀红的患儿,按发现先后顺序分为两组,对照组40例,采用传统方法直接肛周外涂金霉素眼膏治疗;观察组40例,采用肛周吹氧后外用云南白药粉治疗。观察两组的治疗效果及治愈所需时间。结果观察组使用肛周吹氧后外涂云南白药粉比对照组单纯直接肛周外涂金霉素眼膏治疗新生儿重度臀红所需时间缩短、治愈率增高,观察组总有效率为100．0％,对照组的总有效率为42．5％。两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论肛周吹氧后外用云南白药粉治疗新牛儿莺度臀红效果明显。     

运用近红外漫反射光谱法对别嘌醇片进行一致性检验的研究

目的运用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术建立别嘌醇片的一致性检验模型。方法采用一阶导数法在4 240～5 000 cm-1,5 600～6 900 cm-1和7 500～8 700 cm-1波数范围内对各厂家的别嘌醇片光谱进行预处理,并建立一致性检验模型。结果针对多厂家和单一厂家建立的一致性检验模型在CI=4时,均能达到各自的快速分析目标。结论近红外漫反射光谱法是一种很实用的分析技术,针对别嘌醇片建立的两种一致性检验模型具有快速、可靠的特点,适用于药品检测车对别嘌醇片的快速筛查。     

正交试验优化提取黄连中小檗碱型生物碱

目的:研究黄连中小檗碱型生物碱的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用正交试验设计,以小檗碱、巴马汀、黄连碱、表小檗碱和药根碱的总含量为考察指标,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数、乙醇用量4个因素对提取结果的影响。结果:最佳提取工艺为8倍量的50%乙醇,回流提取4次(每次2h)。结论:本工艺重现性好,测定方法可行,为大批量黄连提取生物碱提供了理论依据。     

Biomarkers of environmental contaminants in field population of green mussel (Perna viridis) from Karnataka–Kerala coast (South West coast of India)

The green mussel Perna viridis was sampled from relatively clean and contaminated sites along the Kartanata–Kerala coast (south west coast of India) to study the tissue concentration of trace metals and biological responses to stress (biomarkers) such as sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberration, micronucleus (MN) test, hemic neoplasia (HN), Chromotest (Ames test) and comet assay. In general, mean tissue concentrations of toxic trace metals collected from 25 sampling sites were found to be below the World Health Organisation (WHO) permissible concentration given for seafood. The digestive gland extract of mussels from all 25 sampling sites showed negative reaction for mutagenic activity (Ames test) in the absence of metabolic activation. Very low levels of chromosomal aberration, SCE, MN, HN and comet cells were observed in mussels collected from both the urban associated and relatively clean sites. This study seems to indicate that that the coastal waters of Karnataka and Kerala are minimally contaminated with genotoxic and carcinogenic chemicals.Special Issue on Biomarkers of Marine Pollution and Bioremediation