需氧菌性阴道炎、细菌性阴道病五项联合检测在阴道微生态评价中的应用价值

目的:探讨需氧菌性阴道炎(AV)、细菌性阴道病(BV)五项联合检测在阴道微生态评价中的应用价值.方法:选取2012年12月至2015年1月接受健康体检的女性110例,采用传统方法对受检女性的阴道分泌物进行阴道pH、革兰染色及清洁度检查,并作阴道菌群分析;同时采用AV、BV五项联合检测进行测定.结果:110例受检者中传统方法检测阴道菌群正常42例(38.18%),阴道菌群异常68例(61.82%);阴道菌群异常的预成酶阳性率(除凝固酶外)均高于阴道菌群正常的预成酶阳性率(P<0.05~P<0.01).结论:AV、BV五项联合检测方法安全可靠,操作简单,其检测灵敏度高,结果较为准确,可作为临床快速筛查方法,更有效地评价阴道微生态情况.     

Ganglioside–basic protein interaction: Protection of gangliosides against neuraminidase action

The ability of acidic phospho- and sphingolipids to interact with basic proteins was studied by double diffusion analysis. The phospholipids, tri- and diphosphoinositide, and the sphingolipid, sulfatide, interacted with myelin basic protein as evidenced by precipitin line formation. Of the sialoglycosphingolipids (gangliosides) tested, only the myelin-specific monosialoganglioside, G_M4

1 The ganglioside nomenclature used here is according to the system of Svennerholm [1963]. The gangliosides are designated as follows: G_M4 = I³NeuAc? GalCer; G_M3 = II³NeuAc? LacCer; G_M1 = II³NeuAc? GgOse₄Cer; G_D1a = IV³ NeuAc, II³NeuAc? GgOse₄Cer; G_D1b = II³(NeuAc)₂? GgOse₄Cer; and G_T1b = IV³NeuAc, II³(NeuAc)₂? GgOse₄Cer.

, formed a precipitin line with myelin basic protein. In addition, myelin basic protein retarded the activity of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase against G_M4 and the disialoganglioside, G_D1b. Examination of purified rat brain myelin suggested the presence of a neuraminidase activity intrinsic to myelin. This finding, in concert with ganglioside-myelin basic protein complexes which selectively protect against neuraminidase, may provide a physiological explanation for the simplified ganglioside pattern found in myelin.     

Perspective of Use of Antiviral Peptides against Influenza Virus

The threat of a worldwide influenza pandemic has greatly increased over the past decade with the emergence of highly virulent avian influenza strains. The increased frequency of drug-resistant influenza strains against currently available antiviral drugs requires urgent development of new strategies for antiviral therapy, too. The research in the field of therapeutic peptides began to develop extensively in the second half of the 20^th century. Since then, the mechanisms of action for several peptides and their antiviral prospect received large attention due to the global threat posed by viruses. Here, we discussed the therapeutic properties of peptides used in influenza treatment. Peptides with antiviral activity against influenza can be divided into three main groups. First, entry blocker peptides such as a Flupep that interact with influenza hemagglutinin, block its binding to host cells and prevent viral fusion. Second, several peptides display virucidal activity, disrupting viral envelopes, e.g., Melittin. Finally, a third set of peptides interacts with the viral polymerase complex and act as viral replication inhibitors such as PB1 derived peptides. Here, we present a review of the current literature describing the antiviral activity, mechanism and future therapeutic potential of these influenza antiviral peptides.     

Influenza: A Clinical Update Following a Century of Influenza Science

Although influenza science has come a long way since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, influenza continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides current, evidence-based recommendations regarding influenza prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Nurse practitioners can help reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality by receiving annual influenza vaccinations, encouraging patients and community members to receive annual influenza vaccinations, developing and implementing strategies to improve influenza vaccination rates, encouraging preventive personal and community nonpharmaceutical interventions during influenza outbreaks, and by routinely reviewing and implementing current influenza recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.     

Systematic evaluation of suspension MDCK cells,adherent MDCK cells,and LLC-MK2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus

Suspension Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (MDCK-N), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-C), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cells (LLC-MK2D) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. All the subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata) were successfully isolated from clinical specimens by using MDCK-N and MDCK-C, whereas LLC-MK2D did not support virus replication well. Serial passages of A(H1N1) viruses in MDCK-N and MDCK-C induced genetic mutations of HA that resulted in moderate antigenic changes in the HI test. All A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from MDCK-C acquired amino acid substitutions at the site from K153 to N156 of the HA protein, which resulted in striking antigenic alteration. In contrast, only 30% of MDCK-N isolates showed amino acid changes at this site. The frequency of MDCK-N isolates with less than two-fold reduction in the HI titer was as high as 70%. A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata isolates showed high antigenic stability and no specific amino acid substitution during passages in MDCK-N and MDCK-C. B-Victoria isolates from MDCK-N and MDCK-C acquired genetic changes at HA glycosylation sites that greatly affected their antigenicity. When these cell isolates were applied to passages in hen eggs, A(H1N1), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata viruses grew well in eggs, while none of the cell isolates of A(H3N2) viruses did. Thus, we demonstrate that MDCK-N might be useful for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses.     

山东省2017—2018年B型流感病毒药物敏感性检测及神经氨酸酶基因特征分析

目的 检测山东省2017-2018流感监测年度B型流感病毒对神经氨酸酶抑制剂的药物敏感性,分析其神经氨酸酶(NA)基因特征。方法 选取山东省2017—2018年分离的18株B型流感病毒(Yamagata系16株,Victoria系2株),通过生物学耐药实验检测病毒对奥司他韦和扎那米韦的药物敏感性。提取病毒核酸后一步法RT-PCR扩增NA基因片段,双向测定核苷酸序列,对基因序列和氨基酸序列特征比对分析。结果 在检测的18株B型流感病毒中,有1株Yamagata系病毒对奥司他韦和扎那米韦2种药物的敏感性均降低,此株病毒的NA基因发生H274Y位点突变。其余15株Yamagata系病毒和2株Victoria系病毒均为奥司他韦及扎那米韦的敏感株。结论 随机选取的18株B型流感病毒中大多数病毒对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感,临床上可继续使用此类药物对流感患者进行治疗。应加强耐药性监测,警惕耐药株的出现。     

Peramivir: an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor

Introduction: Peramivir (BCX-1812, RWJ-270201) is a highly selective inhibitor of influenza A and B neuraminidase that has recently been approved in the USA by the FDA to treat acute, uncomplicated influenza in adults.

Areas covered: This review examines the discovery and development of peramavir as well as its role in the treatment of influenza. Peramivir is currently the only FDA-approved anti-influenza agent that can be given as an intravenous injection, granting it a unique role in therapy with the potential to improve adherence and outcomes in patients who are unable to tolerate oral agents. In vitro, animal, human and safety data are presented as well as information regarding special populations, resistance and drug approval.

Expert opinion: Clinical trial data support the use of peramivir to relieve influenza symptoms in acute, uncomplicated influenza, with improvements over placebo similar to those of other approved anti-influenza treatments. The ability to give a one-time injectable dose offers improved adherence over currently available oral regimens. While not approved for hospitalized patients, available data suggest that multiple dose peramivir may also have a role in treatment of severally ill, hospitalized patients. Supportive data for the use of peramivir in special patient populations such as pediatrics and those especially at-risk to develop severe influenza symptoms are promising; however, they require further study.     

Antivirals Targeting the Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza Virus: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which constitute the glycoprotein spikes expressed on the surface of influenza A and B viruses, are the most exposed parts of the virus and play critical roles in the viral lifecycle. As such, they make prominent targets for the immune response and antiviral drugs. Neuraminidase inhibitors, particularly oseltamivir, constitute the most commonly used antivirals against influenza viruses, and they have proved their clinical utility against seasonal and emerging influenza viruses. However, the emergence of resistant strains remains a constant threat and consideration. Antivirals targeting the hemagglutinin protein are relatively new and have yet to gain global use but are proving to be effective additions to the antiviral repertoire, with a relatively high threshold for the emergence of resistance. Here we review antiviral drugs, both approved for clinical use and under investigation, that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the emergence of resistance to them.     

昆明市2009～2013年 B 型流感病毒血凝素及耐药基因分析

目的：研究B型流感病毒HA、NA全基因序列,为流感防控提供支持。方法从云南省疾病预防控制中心流感实验室分离毒株中挑选代表株进行H A和N A全基因序列分析。结果发现Bv型毒株和标准株比有K129N、K80R、K48E的变异,其中K129N在120环区域,除2009年分离株外,其他Bv株均有75位点的变异。By毒株HA基因相同突变位点比较多,如N116K、S150I、N165Y、S229D、D196N等,云南分离株都有D196N的变异位点,增加了糖基化位点的可能性。研究发现所有的NA基因没有发生耐药性基因的突变,同源性相对比较高,但有基因重组毒株生成。结论云南分离株B型流感病毒突变位点多,并且有重组毒株生成,说明加强监测耐药株的重要性。