利奈唑胺氯化钠注射液中利奈唑胺的含量测定法

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定利奈唑胺氯化钠注射液中利奈唑胺的含量。方法:采用Hyperisil-C_(18)柱(200×4.6mm;5μm),2.0%三乙胺的水溶液(磷酸调pH至3.2)为流动相;检测波长为210nm。结果:测得线性范围在0.0103～1.0322mg·ml~(-1)范围内(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.86%,RSD为0.64%(n=9)。结论:本法专属性强,重现性好,可作为利奈唑胺氯化钠注射液中利奈唑胺的含量测定方法。     

Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. DESIGN: In vitro pharmacodynamic model. SETTING: Biosafety level 2, university research laboratory. BACTERIAL STRAINS: Ciprofloxacin-susceptible (79), ciprofloxacin-resistant (R921), and vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) clinical strains of S. pneumoniae. INTERVENTION: An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate standard dosing regimens of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against the isolates 79, R921, and P9802-020. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bacterial density was profiled over 48 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin, respectively were 1, 1, 0.5 microg/ml for isolate 79; 1, 4, 0.5 microg/ml for R921; and 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 microg/ml for P9802-020. Vancomycin minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied across large ranges for the tested strains. Linezolid achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and R921 by 24 and 28 hours, respectively. Levofloxacin achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and P9802-020 by 28 and 4 hours, respectively. Vancomycin achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and R921 by 8 and 24 hours, respectively. Levofloxacin did not demonstrate activity against R921 at the 48-hour end point. Minimal kill (< 2 log) at 48 hours was noted for vancomycin and linezolid against P9802-020. Conclusion. Vancomycin tolerance appeared to be more reliably characterized by persistent viability in time-kill analyses than by MBC:MIC ratios. Vancomycin exhibited bactericidal activity against the non-vancomycin-tolerant strains of S. pneumoniae. Linezolid exhibited both bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against all three strains tested, whereas levofloxacin demonstrated bactericidal activity against the fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates. Further investigation of treatment alternatives for infections due to vancomycin-tolerant S. pneumoniae are needed.     

An alternative index for evaluating AMU and anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agent use: A study based on the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups data of Japan

IntroductionAnti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agents have different doses and administration periods. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate antimicrobial use (AMU) of anti-MRSA agents using defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) or days of therapy per 1000 inhabitants per day (DOTID). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between anti-MRSA agent use and resistant bacteria using the number of patients per 1000 inhabitants per day (PID) as an alternative index of AMU.MethodsAMU data for anti-MRSA agents were collected from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB) in 2016. The relationship between PID and DID or DOTID was evaluated. The number of patients with MRSA isolated was obtained from Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance, and their correlation with PID was analyzed. The rate of anti-MRSA agent use in each prefecture was investigated.ResultsPID showed a significant linear relationship with both DID and DOTID (all p < 0.0001). PID was significantly correlated with the number of patients with MRSA isolated. Additionally, the rate of anti-MRSA agent use was markedly different in each region.ConclusionsPID is not affected by doses and administration periods, and thus may be an alternative index for the selective pressure of antibiotics. Evaluating AMU using PID based on NDB data will help in the development of effective antimicrobial resistance measures.     

高效液相色谱法测定人脑脊液中利奈唑胺浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法快速测定人脑脊液中利奈唑胺浓度并对危重患者进行药物浓度监测。方法:采用外标法,色谱柱:ZORBAX Edipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(23∶77);流速:1.0mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;紫外检测波长:254 nm,并利用建立的方法对危重患者进行利奈唑胺脑脊液浓度的监测。结果:利奈唑胺在0.31～40 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),最低定量限为0.31 mg.L-1,平均绝对回收率为46.8%,平均相对回收率为96.99%,高、中、低3个浓度日内、日间精密度的RSD均小于<5%。另外,所监测的危重患者中,利奈唑胺不同时期在脑脊液中的浓度变化很大。结论:所建立的高效液相色谱法简单、快捷、灵敏、准确,可用于监测利奈唑胺在脑脊液中的浓度。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过患者血清中利奈唑胺的浓度监测

目的:对连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuous venovenous hemofiltration,CVVH)治疗的危重患者进行利奈唑胺血药浓度监测,为临床个体化治疗提供依据。方法:建立高效液相色谱法(以左氧氟沙星为内标),测定患者血清中利奈唑胺谷浓度。结果:利奈唑胺在0.31～20.00μg.mL-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),定量限为0.31μg.mL-1。5例危重患者在治疗期间监测23次的利奈唑胺谷浓度变化明显,变化范围为1.53～17.10μg.mL-1。有2例患者谷浓度变化较大(相差近5倍)。结论:高效液相色谱法简单、快速、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于临床利奈唑胺的血药浓度监测。进行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗的患者,应用利奈唑胺时血药浓度变化较大,需要通过治疗药物监测的方法制定个体化给药方案。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中利奈唑胺浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱测定人血浆中利奈唑胺(唑烷酮类抗菌药)浓度的方法。方法用Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱,内标为头孢拉宗,流动相为乙腈-水(含0.1%甲酸)(20∶80,v/v),流速为1.0 mL.min-1。结果利奈唑胺的线性范围为0.2～25.0μg.mL-1,定量下限为0.2μg.mL-1,日内、日间精密度均≤3.8%,提取回收率为82.2%～101.4%。结论本方法灵敏、准确、快速,可用于人血浆中利奈唑胺浓度的测定和药代动力学研究。     

肾功能不全与肾功能正常患者应用利奈唑胺致血小板减少发生情况分析

目的探讨应用利奈唑胺患者的肾功能对该药所致血小板减少的影响,为肾功能不全患者安全使用利奈唑胺提供依据。方法收集2008年1月至2011年5月因革兰阳性菌致肺部感染在空军总医院住院、单独或联合应用利奈唑胺治疗的肾功能不全、肾功能正常患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,主要观察指标为用药前后血小板计数和血清肌酐、尿素氮水平。为排除联合用药的影响,按照年龄、住院时间匹配原则,选择同期因感染住院且肾功能正常、未使用利奈唑胺但使用利奈唑胺联合疗法中的另外1种抗菌药物的患者,作为单独应用该种抗菌药物的对照。结果应用利奈唑胺患者共43例,其中肾功能不全患者(肾功能不全组,22例)男15例,女7例,年龄38～93(74.8±14.2)岁,16例联用利奈唑胺和其他抗菌药物,包括替考拉宁(1例)、美罗培南(4例)、万古霉素(1例)、甲硝唑(1例)、亚胺培南西司他丁钠(6例)和头孢哌酮舒巴坦(3例);肾功能正常患者(肾功能正常组,21例)男17例、女4例,年龄38～90(73.8±13.7)岁。替考拉宁、美罗培南、万古霉素、甲硝唑、亚胺培南西司他丁钠和头孢哌酮舒巴坦组各22例。应用利奈唑胺的时间:肾功能不全组为1～13(5.4±3.6)d,肾功能正常组为2～13(5.9±3.0)d。肾功能不全组应用利奈唑胺前后血小板计数分别为(207±94)×109/L和(131±97)×109/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肾功能正常组患者应用利奈唑胺前后小板计数分别为(208±89)×109/L和(181±94)×109/L,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肾功能不全组与肾功能正常组血小板减少发生率分别为59.1%(13/22)与28.6%(6/21),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组出现血小板减少的患者均无出血症状,停药3～10(5.7±3.3)d后均逐渐恢复至基线水平。肾功能不全组中联用甲硝唑、万古霉素、替考拉宁者各1例,均出现血小板减少;联用美罗培南者4例,3例出现血小板减少;联用头孢哌酮舒巴坦者3例,2例出现血小板减少;联用亚胺培南西司他汀钠者6例,3例出现血小板减少。而替考拉宁、美罗培南、万古霉素、甲硝唑、亚胺培南西司他丁钠和头孢哌酮舒巴坦组患者用药前后血小板计数差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),仅有头孢哌酮舒巴坦组的1例患者出现血小板减少(轻度)。肾功能不全组患者联用利奈唑胺和上述6种抗菌药物之一时血小板减少发生率与单独使用其中1种抗菌药物的各组患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论患者肾功能对利奈唑胺所致血小板减少发生率有一定影响。肾功能不全患者应用利奈唑胺期间应定期监测血小板计数,一旦出现血小板减少应立即停药。     

HPLC测定利奈唑胺注射液中利奈唑胺的含量及其有关物质

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定利奈唑胺注射液中利奈唑胺含量及其有关物质的方法。方法色谱柱为EclipseXDB-C18,流动相为甲醇-水(45∶55),流速1.0 mL.min 1,检测波长254 nm,柱温25℃。结果利奈唑胺浓度在0.5～250mg.L 1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),最低检测量1 ng,低、中、高3种浓度的平均回收率分别为99.3%,100.9%,100.5%。结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确,专属性强,适合于利奈唑胺注射液中利奈唑胺含量及其有关物质的测定。