静脉及硬膜外自控镇痛的镇痛效应及对剖胸术后患者肺功能的影响

目的比较静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）与硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的镇痛效果、副作用及对剖胸术后患者肺功能的影响。方法33例（ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级）食道癌择期手术患者随机分为两组；PCEA组（n=16）镇痛用药为吗啡（0．1mg／ml）＋布比卡因（0．125％）；PCIA组（n=17）镇痛用药为吗啡（1mg／ml）＋氟哌利多（0.1mg／ml）。测量术前及术后镇痛期间患者呼吸频率（RR）、潮气量（Vt）、肺活量（Vc）及脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）；记录术后患者疼痛评分（VAS）及副作用。结果两组患者术后RR均明显快于术前（P〈0．01），而Vt、Vc及SpO2均较术前显著降低（P〈0.001），但各指标的组间差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。PCEA组VAS评分明显低于PCIA组。尤其是在患者咳嗽和深呼吸时（P〈0．001）。结论剖胸术后PCEA镇痛效果明显优于PCIA，但对术后早期患者肺功能的影响两者相似。     

小剂量氯胺酮联合吗啡用于颈段脊髓损伤患者术后静脉镇痛的研究

目的比较小剂量氯胺酮联合吗啡在颈段脊髓损伤患者术后静脉镇痛中的临床效应及副作用的发生率,并探讨氯胺酮的合适剂量。方法将87例在静吸复合全麻下接受颈后路椎管减压术的颈髓损伤患者随机分成3组:M组接受吗啡0·02mg/kg·h,MK1组接受吗啡0·02mg/kg·h 氯胺酮0·02mg/kg·h,MK2组接受吗啡0·02mg/kg·h 氯胺酮0·04mg/kg·h静脉术后镇痛治疗。分别于手术结束后2h、4h、8h、12h、24h、48h记录疼痛、镇静评分、发生的不良反应(瘙痒、恶心呕吐、精神症状)、血氧饱和度。结果MK2组的疼痛评分在各时间点均明显低于M组和MK1组在相同时间点的疼痛评分(P<0·01),而M组和MK1组之间无显著性差异(P>0·05)。3组之间的镇静评分无显著性差异(P>0·05)。M组中恶心、呕吐(18·5%)以及皮肤瘙痒(7·4%)的发生率较高,但是3组之间无显著性差异(P>0·05)。3组中均未出现具有精神症状的病例。3组的血氧饱和度值在各时间点均不低于96%,而且3组之间无显著性差异(P>0·05)。结论0·04mg/kg·h氯胺酮在颈髓损伤患者静脉术后镇痛中能够增强吗啡(0·02mg/kg·h)的镇痛作用,而且不增加副作用。     

Manual acupuncture for analgesia during electromyography: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the analgesic effect of acupuncture for needle electromyography and to validate a sham acupuncture needle. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. SETTING: University-based electrodiagnostics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one subjects referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation. INTERVENTIONS: Before the electromyography examination, either real acupuncture needles or telescopic sham needles were applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual analog scale of pain and unpleasantness after 3 muscles were examined with electromyography. Pretest pain was subtracted to give a measurement of pain attributable to the electromyography. Subjects were asked which needle they thought they had received. RESULTS: Twenty-six subjects were randomized to the treatment group and 25 to the sham group. Pain in the treatment group (-.96) was less than in the control group (9.68), but it was not statistically significant (P=.13). Post hoc analysis, excluding 5 subjects known to have been treated by the novice acupuncturist, showed a significant difference of 14.4mm (P=.02). The proportion of subjects who thought they received real needles in the acupuncture group (69%) did not differ from the proportion in the control group (48%) (P=.13). CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture may represent an effective form of analgesia for electromyography. This is the first study to suggest independently the telescopic sham acupuncture needle as an effective control.     

左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效应比较

目的:比较左旋布比卡因(LBVP)、罗哌卡因(ROP)和布比卡因(BUP)用于开腹妇科手术后持续硬膜外输注镇痛的临床效应。方法:90例择期妇科手术病人随机分为LBUP组、ROP组和BUP组,每组30例。手术结束采用持续硬膜外输注镇痛,LBUP组采用0.15%左旋布比卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,ROP组采用0.2%罗哌卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,BUP组采用0.15%布比卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,输注速度均为2ml/h。观察术后48h内的VAS疼痛评分、患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分、改良Bromage评分、术后活动能力及不良反应的发生情况。结果:三组病人在术后5个时段VAS疼痛评分、镇痛结束时对疼痛的总体评估、镇痛后4h改良Bromage评分及不良反应发生情况,各组间比较并无显著性差异(P>0.05);镇痛8h后LBUP组及BUP组分别有2例病人Bromage评分为2,至镇痛后16h恢复;术后24hROP组有21例(70%)的病人可以短时间行走,而LBUP组及BUP组分别只有12例(40%)及11例(36.7%),有显著性差异(χ2=5.45,χ2=4.34,P<0.05)。结论:0.15%左旋布比卡因、0.2%罗哌卡因与0.15%布比卡因用于开腹妇科手术后持续硬膜外输注镇痛,均可获得满意的镇痛效果,但0.2%罗哌卡因较0.15%左旋布比卡因及0.15%布比卡因术后活动能力恢复早。     

开展镇痛教育对腹腔手术患者镇痛认知度及术后镇痛需求的影响

目的通过镇痛知识教育提高患者对术后镇痛的认知度，改善术后镇痛需求，有效控制术后疼痛。方法将168例择期腹腔手术患者按入院先后顺序随机分为实施镇痛教育组（观察组）和未实施镇痛教育组（对照组）各84例。对照组由责任护士在患者入院后一对一实施常规疼痛健康教育。观察组在对照组的基础上增加镇痛知识教育，统一教育内容，包括术后镇痛的临床意义、术后常用镇痛方法、镇痛方法优缺点、术后镇痛注意事项、止痛药的不良反应、』临床使用止痛药的常见误区，术前1d再次复述巩固教育内容。术前1d由责任护士用同一指导语进行问卷调查，评估患者对术后镇痛的认知度，术后2d内由责任护士询问和记录每位患者的不同镇痛需求。结果两组患者对镇痛的认知情况比较差异具有统计学意义。观察组患者对镇痛的临床意义、术后常用镇痛方法、镇痛方法优缺点、术后镇痛注意事项、使用止痛药的常见误区等知识的了解多于对照组（P〈0．005）。两组患者术后不同镇痛需求比较差异具有统计学意义，试验组患者术后使用PCA镇痛例数、肌内注射杜冷丁镇痛和口服止痛药的例数明显多于对照组（P〈0．005）。结论开展镇痛知识教育能显著提高患者对镇痛的认知度，提高患者术后镇痛的接受程度，改善患者术后镇痛需求，有效控制术后疼痛。     

Comparison of Oxycodone and Hydrocodone for the Treatment of Acute Pain Associated with Fractures: A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of oxycodone and hydrocodone for the treatment of acute pain. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous reports have compared the efficacies of these commonly prescribed agents. Objectives: To compare the efficacies of oxycodone and hydrocodone for the treatment of acute pain associated with fractures in emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: This prospective, double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at an urban trauma center with an annual census of 65,000. Eligible participants included ED patients over the age of 12 years with fractures who consented to participate. Subjects were randomized to receive either oxycodone (5 mg orally [po]) with acetaminophen, or hydrocodone (5 mg po) with acetaminophen. Measurements included demographic information; pain scores on a verbal numeric rating scale at baseline and at 30 and 60 minutes; vital signs at baseline and at 30 and 60 minutes; and adverse effects. Ninety‐five‐percent confidence intervals (95% CIs) constructed about means and proportions were used to assess differences between the oxycodone and hydrocodone groups in analgesic efficacy and side effects. Results: Seventy‐three subjects were randomized to receive oxycodone or hydrocodone. Sixty‐seven subjects completed the ED study period (n= 35, oxycodone; n= 32, hydrocodone). There was no difference between the two groups in age, weight, gender, ethnicity, diagnoses, baseline pain scores, or vital signs. Patients in both groups had pain relief from baseline to 30 minutes (oxycodone mean change 3.7, 95% CI = 2.9 to 4.6; hydrocodone mean change 2.5, 95% CI = 1.7 to 3.3), and from baseline to 60 minutes (oxycodone mean change 4.4, 95% CI = 3.2 to 5.6; hydrocodone mean change 3.0, 95% CI = 2.1 to 3.9). There was no difference in pain between the patients treated with oxycodone and hydrocodone at 30 minutes (mean difference between groups ?0.6, 95% CI =?1.8 to 0.5) or at 60 minutes (mean difference ?0.5, 95% CI =?2.0 to 1.0). There was no difference between the groups in nausea, vomiting, itching, or drowsiness; however, the hydrocodone patients had a higher incidence of constipation (oxycodone 0%, hydrocodone 21%, difference in proportions 21%, 95% CI = 3% to 39% more with hydrocodone). Conclusions: Treatment with acetaminophen and either oxycodone, 5 mg po, or hydrocodone, 5 mg po, resulted in pain relief among ED patients with acute fractures, and there was no difference between the two agents at 30 and 60 minutes. Adverse effect profiles were similar, with the exception of a higher incidence of subsequent constipation with the use of hydrocodone. These results suggest that oxycodone and hydrocodone have similarly potent analgesic effects in the first hour of treatment for ED patients with acute fractures.     

Placebo Analgesia: Clinical considerations

Pain is the predominant symptom that prompts patients to seek medical advice and treatment from physiotherapists. Various treatment modalities such as heat and cold, electrical stimulation (Cheing and Hui-Chan, 1999), ultrasound, manipulative techniques, massage and laser treatment have been demonstrated in varying degrees to be clinically effective for managing pain of different pathologies. However, all these treatments could be assumed to have some placebo elements (French, 1994).

From a research design perspective, the presence of placebo response is undesirable and must be controlled as it complicates the demonstration of ‘real' treatment effect. From a clinical perspective, it is intriguing to note that the condition of patients in the placebo control groups did improve considerably in many of these validation studies, although in the majority the improvement was not so marked as in the treatment groups. Conspicuously, some neuro-physiological and psychological aspects of the placebo effects may have clinical use in enhancing the effect of pain treatments and their outcomes.

Unfortunately, although placebo response has been a subject of continuing interest among some physiotherapy researchers and clinicians, information about placebo analgesia and its clinical utility is seldom discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide clinicians with an overview of the construct and research related to placebo analgesia as well as a discussion of the potential clinical use of certain components of placebo analgesia to enhance pain rehabilitation outcomes in physiotherapy practice.     

分娩时局部和全身应用阿片类药物镇痛的系统评价

目的运用Cochrane系统评价的方法，评价分娩时局部和全身应用阿片类药物镇痛的有效性与安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed（1966-2008．1）、EMbase（1980-2008．1）、Cochrane图书馆（2008年第1期）、CBM（1978-2008．1）、CNKI（1979-2008．1），同时筛选纳入研究的参考文献，收集有关比较局部和全身应用阿片类药物镇痛的随机对照试验，由两名评价员独立评价文献质量，并采用RevMan4．2．10软件对纳入研究结果进行Meta分析：结果共纳入12个研究，5909例产妇。Meta分析结果显示，局部和全身应用阿片类药比较进行分晚镇痛．母亲对局部应用阿片类药分娩镇痛疼痛缓解更满意[RR=I．63，95％CI（1．27，2．09）]，两组5min新生儿Apgar评分〈7，差异无统计学意义：RR=0．63，95％CI（0.40，1．01）]：结论现有证据显示，与局部用药比较，全身心用阿片类药物镇痛的母亲对分娩疼痛缓解更满意。但两组均存在对母亲和新生儿的不良影响。因此，要证明哪种途径应用阿片类药进行分娩镇痛更加有效和安全，尚需开展更多高质量的随机对照研究。     

健康教育对水中分娩产妇影响的研究

[目的]了解健康宣教对产妇水中分娩的影响。[方法]选择2006年10月-2008年4月符合水中分娩条件的46例产妇为实验组，对符合水中分娩的产妇及家属进行水中分娩健康教育，以同期进行传统分娩的产妇61例为对照组。对两组产妇产后的疼痛强度、隐私满意度、体位舒适度及两组活跃期及第二产程时间进行比较。[结果]两组产妇疼痛强度及体位舒适度经比较差异有统计学意义，隐私满意度差异无统计学意义。[结论]在符合水中分娩条件下，通过健康宣教可促进水中分娩顺利进行。