Orange Fanta versus orange fruit: A novel measure of nutrition knowledge in Malawi

This paper introduces a novel survey instrument to identify distinct components of nutrition knowledge and test for links between knowledge and dietary choices in Southern Malawi. Our first aim is to distinguish respondents' familiarity with recommended behaviours, such as when to start breastfeeding or introduce solid foods, from respondents' factual knowledge about mechanisms, such as whether biscuits or papaya and orange fruit or orange Fanta contribute more to future health. We find knowledge of nutrition behaviours to be strongly associated with more schooling, older age, and being female, whereas knowledge of mechanisms is associated only with training and employment as a health professional. We then test whether this expanded definition of nutrition knowledge is associated with dietary intake when controlling for other factors and find no significant links in these data. Results point to the need for knowledge surveys and public health behaviour‐change campaigns to address the kinds of information that might have the most influence on actual behaviour, potentially including the mechanisms involved in food composition, food safety, and disease transmission.     

灾害护理知信行量表的编制及信效度检验

目的:编制灾害护理知信行量表,并对其进行信效度检验。方法:根据知信行理论模型编制灾害护理知信行量表。随机抽取500名护生实施问卷调查并进行因子分析及信效度评估,3周后,随机抽取200名护生检验重测信度。结果:灾害护理知信行量表包括知识、态度及行为3个维度,共30个条目,总量表及各维度Cronbach′sα系数分别为0.96,0.92,0.95,0.96;分半信度为0.82,总量表及各维度重测信度分别为0.90,0.82,0.83,0.85。量表总内容效度指数为0.93,各条目内容效度指数为0.85～1.00。结论:灾害护理知信行量表具有良好的信效度,可作为评估护生灾害护理知信行水平的工具,可作为灾害护理教育的形成性评价指标。     

基于“药性—功效知识元语义分析”探讨四气中的“平性”

四气,又称四性,即指药物具有的寒热温凉四种药性。四性之外,还有平性,是指药物寒热偏性不明显者,但有学者认为这只是相对而言,实际上仍有偏温偏凉之别,仍未超出四气范围。既然未超出寒热范围,那么为什么提出平性,并沿用至今呢?平性,到底有什么独特的之处呢?以2005年版《中国药典》所载的性、味、归经、齐全523味药物为研究对象,尝试基于药性—功效知识元语义分析,探讨平性的药性定位,并与"寒、凉、温、热"四性进行比较,从而论述"平"性与四气中其他四性的关系。     

Effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for improving the care knowledge,skill, and sense of competence in mothers of preterm infants

ObjectiveThis quasi-randomized controlled trial was performed to evaluate the effects of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) in enabling mothers of preterm infants to develop care knowledge, skill, and a sense of competence.MethodsAmong 116 mothers of preterm infants, 60 received traditional discharge education (control group) and 56 received PPM discharge education (PPM group). Improvement in knowledge and skills was transformed into the mothers’ routine daily care of infants. The primary outcome was knowledge of preterm infant care. The secondary outcomes were preterm infant care skills and a sense of competence, routine intervention compliance among mothers, and the readmission rate of infants 6 months after discharge.ResultsSix months after discharge, the mean knowledge score and mean skills score were significantly higher in the PPM group than in the control group. The mothers’ sense of competence with respect to both self-efficacy and satisfaction was also significantly better in the PPM group than in the control group. Moreover, intervention behavior compliance and the readmission rate were significantly better in the PPM group than in the control group.ConclusionCare knowledge, skills, and sense of competence in mothers of preterm infants improved after implementation of the PPM.     

Adolescent Knowledge,Attitudes and Practices of Healthy Eating: Findings of Qualitative Interviews among Hong Kong Families

To tackle unhealthy eating among adolescents, it is crucial to understand the dietary knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on which adolescent eating habits are based. This qualitative study identifies the gaps in KAP by exploring what Chinese adolescents know, perceive, and practice regarding healthy eating to better inform targeted interventions for this important health problem. Parent–adolescent dyads were purposively sampled based on, for example, the dietary intake, age, and gender of the adolescent and household income, and each completed a 30 to 60 min interview. Twelve themes were synthesized: knowledge: (1) dietary recommendations, (2) health outcomes of healthy eating, (3) nutrition content in food, and (4) access to healthy meals; attitudes: (5) outcome expectation for healthy eating, (6) food preferences, and (7) self-efficacy regarding adopting healthy eating; and practices: (8) going grocery shopping for healthy food, (9) eating home-prepared meals. (10) eating out in restaurants or consuming takeaway food, (11) fruit and vegetable consumption, and (12) snacking, perceived unhealthy eating to be low risk, made unhealthy choices regarding snacking and eating out, and had insufficient fruit and vegetable intake. Programs should emphasize the positive short-term health outcomes of healthy eating and empower adolescents to acquire food preparation skills to sustain healthy eating habits.     

遗传资源获取与惠益分享相关国际法现状与发展趋势

"生物海盗"事件频发,拥有丰富遗传资源和相关传统知识的发展中国家呼吁建立获取与惠益分享的国际制度,以管理遗传资源及其相关传统知识获取、利用和惠益分享行为,保障遗传资源及其相关传统知识提供者权益.《生物多样性公约》及其《名古屋议定书》等一系列国际文书的通过,逐渐完善了遗传资源获取和惠益分享国际规则和制度体系,保障了遗传资...     

以学科教学知识能力促进中医院校教师专业发展

从学科教学知识能力（Pedagogical content knowledge,PCK）的基本概念出发,以开展PCK提升的外部环境、促进教师自主发展和教学观念转变、教师发展价值取向改变等维度阐述PCK对中医院校教师专业发展的重要性,并从高等中医药教育的教师专业发展实际需求出发提出相应的对策。     

面向临床应用的知识库平台设计

借鉴本体论及数理逻辑来表示知识模式,开发了知识通用逻辑引擎及专题知识引擎来处理应用逻辑,充分利用医院集成平台的优势,研发设计一种能够覆盖大部分临床应用需要的知识库平台体系结构,辅助医疗决策过程,并保障医疗安全.     

虎门镇异位妊娠患者生殖健康状况及其相关知识调查

目的了解异位妊娠患者的生殖健康状况和健康知识需求。方法对虎门镇2家“二甲”医院就诊的496例异位妊娠患者进行生殖健康状况检查和生殖健康知识及需求的问卷调查。结果77.3%的患者合并生殖系统感染,19.0%的患者有过2次以上的人工流产史;影响生殖健康的危险因素依次为:急、慢性宫颈炎,急、慢性盆腔炎/附件炎,多次人流,剖宫产史。生殖系统感染、人工流产与异位妊娠关系及生殖系统感染的预防等方面知识的知晓率低,从不检查治疗者高达58.13%。生殖健康知识需求主要为生殖系统感染的危害、人流危害和避孕知识。期望获取的途径主要为医院咨询门诊和报纸杂志。结论异位妊娠患者存在生殖健康问题,需要进行生殖健康知识教育和提供生殖健康服务。     

赴泰国旅客旅行健康知识及行为调查分析

目的了解石家庄机场赴泰国旅客对当地高发传染病的认知现状和个人防护能力情况,为制定高风险航线往来旅客的风险分析方案提供依据。方法采取随机抽样方法,对由石家庄机场赴泰国游的旅客在知情同意的情况下进行面对面的问卷调查,所有资料录入Excel后采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果回收的503份有效调查问卷中,本科学历、收入中等偏上、第一次出境旅游的中青年人群为主体,具有目前出境游人群的代表性;有效问卷中,65.8%的人选择通过旅行社了解赴泰国旅行注意事项;大多数旅客集中选择泰国是"登革热"(42.5%)和"疟疾"(25.2%)的流行区域,而选择"痢疾"和"霍乱"的只占14.1%和11.9%;58.1%的旅客出境前未接种过任何疫苗;23.7%旅客不知道应该到哪里进行旅行前的健康咨询,13.1%不清楚归国后如有发热、皮疹等传染病症状该如何就医。结论评价口岸传染病防控能力现状,逐步构建主动型卫生检疫查验系统;完善风险评估机制,有针对性地对重点航班和人群采取多举措宣教以提升防病意识;应多部门联合持续加强出入境人员的传染病宣教、监测和防控工作。