Neuroprotective effects of ketorolac tromethamine after spinal cord injury in rats: an ultrastructural study

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intrathecally administered ketorolac tromethamine on ultrastructural changes of the spinal cord in spinal cord-traumatised rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups for this study. The rats in Group S (n=6) were control animals and received 10 μl of saline. Groups K50 (n=6) and K400 (n=6) received intrathecally 50 μg and 400 μg of ketorolac tromethamine, respectively, immediately after trauma was induced. All rats underwent laminectomy and the spinal cord was traumatised using the clip-compression technique. Electron microscopic examination of the cord samples was carried out 3 days after spinal cord injury. Results Ultrastructural findings showed severe injury with extensive axoplasmic and cytoplasmic oedema in Group S. Minor neural damage occurred in Group K50 and increased ultrastructural protection was observed in the Group K400. Conclusion This study demonstrates that intrathecal administration of ketorolac tromethamine protects the spinal cord following injury in rats.     

Evaluation of Ketorolac in Children with Forearm Fractures

Objectives : To evaluate ketorolac for pain relief and an opioid-sparing effect in children with forearm fractures necessitating reduction.
Methods : A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted at an urban children's hospital ED. A convenience sample of children aged 3–18 years with isolated forearm fractures was studied. None received prior pain medication. A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain at the time of study entry and prior to sedation/analgesia. The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario's Pain Score (CHEOPS), a 13-point behavioral score, was used to assess pain during sedation. Patients received either IV ketorolac (K), 1 mg/kg, or saline (S) after entry into the study. After a minimum of 20 minutes, pain was reassessed and supplemental analgesia/sedation administered. A standard dose of midazolam, 0.1 mg/kg to a maximum of 6 mg, was given to all patients, and fentanyl was titrated at 1-μg/kg increments based on patient need. Once the patient was comfortable, reduction was performed and a reduction CHEOPS score assigned.
Results : For the 34 study children (17 K, 17 S), there was no difference in sex or mean age between the groups. Mean total doses of fentanyl were 2.26 μg/kg in the K group and 2.85 μg/kg in the S group (p = 0.07). The median changes in VAS score before and after receiving the study drug were —1.13 K and -0.18 S (p = 0.06). The median CHEOPS score was 10 for both groups. Seven of the 17 patients in the S group required the maximum fentanyl dose (4 μg/kg), compared with 2 of 17 in the K group (p = 0.06).
Conclusions : Although ketorolac seems to add to patient comfort in children with forearm fractures, it does not have a significant opioid-sparing effect. Ketorolac showed a trend toward pain relief, but statistical significance was not reached.     

Efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and levocabastine 0.05%: a multicenter comparison in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

This multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group study compared the efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution with levocabastine 0.05% and ketorolac tromethamine vehicle in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. One drop of ketorolac, levocabastine, or vehicle was instilled in each eye four times daily for 6 weeks. In the majority of efficacy variables, ketorolac produced the greatest improvements, followed by levocabastine and vehicle. Ketorolac was significantly more effective (P<.05) than vehicle in reducing mean itching scores, palpebral hyperemia, bulbar hyperemia, and edema. Patients treated with ketorolac reported significant improvements (P<.05) in their ability to sleep and to concentrate on work, compared with those who received vehicle. No significant differences were noted among the treatment groups in safety or tolerability. Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution instilled four times daily is effective and safe in reducing the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚减少卡前列素氨丁三醇术中不良反应的效果观察

目的 观察盐酸戊乙奎醚对于剖宫产术中卡前列素氨丁三醇引起的不良反应的影响.方法 选择40例存在子宫收缩乏力危险因素的择期剖宫产的产妇,随机均分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组(A组)和生理盐水组(B组).A组术前静脉注射稀释2 ml的盐酸戊乙奎醚0.5 mg;B组术前静脉注射2 ml的生理盐水.监测两组产妇的MAP、HR、SpO2和RR,记录断脐开始至肌注卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液的时间和术中出血量、输液量、尿量,并观察宫体注射卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液后恶心、呕吐、心悸、胸闷憋气和面部潮红等不良反应.结果 B组产妇恶心、胸闷憋气和面部潮红等不良反应的发生率高于A组(P＜0.05).结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚可有效地减少剖宫产术中卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液引起的不良反应.     

卡前列素氨丁三醇联合纱条宫内填塞治疗前置胎盘的疗效探讨

目的 探讨卡前列素氨丁三醇联合纱条宫内填塞治疗前置胎盘的疗效。方法 选取该院前置胎盘的孕妇患者40例,行卡前列素氨丁三醇联合纱条宫内填塞治疗,根据患者的临床资料和随访记录进行回顾性分析。结果 40例患者经过上述治疗处理后,36例（80%）出血量〈2 000 mL;2例患者出血量在2 000~3 000 mL之间者,行子宫动脉结扎止血;2例患者因出血量接近4 000 mL行全子宫切除,无死亡病例。术后成功随访,均未发现切口感染、盆腔感染或晚期产后出血。与对照组对比,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05。结论 应用卡前列素氨丁三醇加宫腔填塞纱条压迫止血是治疗前置胎盘产后出血的有效方法,效果明显、简单方便、可操作性强,建议临床推广应用。     

卡前列素氨丁三醇预防剖宫产宫缩乏力性产后出血的临床效果探讨

目的探讨卡前列素氨丁三醇对剖宫产宫缩乏力性产后出血的作用。方法选取2012年7月---2013年7月宫缩乏力患者78例,随机分为两组。对照组行常规治疗,观察组此基础上辅以卡前列素氨丁三醇治疗。记录两组用药治疗后2h、24h子宫出血量、产后24hHb变化、不良反应及临床疗效。结果观察组有效率为94．87％,明显高于对照组74．36％（P〈0．05）。观察组不良反应发生率为30．77％,明显高于对照组48．72％（P〈0．05）。结论卡前列素氨丁三醇治疗剖宫产宫缩乏力性产后出血疗效显著,能减少术后出血量。     

Intravenous Lidocaine for the Emergency Department Treatment of Acute Radicular Low Back Pain,a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Acute radicular back pain is a frequent complaint of patients presenting to the Emergency Department.

Study Objective

Determine the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine when compared to ketorolac for the treatment of acute radicular low back pain.

Methods

Randomized double-blind study of 41 patients aged 18–55 years presenting with acute radicular low back pain. Patients were randomized to receive either 100 mg lidocaine or 30 mg ketorolac intravenously over 2 min. A 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain at Time 0 (baseline), and 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Changes in [median] VAS scores were compared over time (within groups) by the signed-rank test and between groups by the rank-sum test. A 5-point Pain Relief Scale (PRS) was administered at the conclusion of the study (60 min) and again at 1 week by telephone follow-up; [median] scores were compared between groups by rank-sum.

Results

Forty-four patients were recruited; 41 completed the study (21 lidocaine, 20 ketorolac). Initial VAS scores were not significantly different between the lidocaine and ketorolac groups (83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74–98 vs. 79; 95% CI 64–94; p = 0.278). Median VAS scores from baseline to 60 min significantly declined in both groups (lidocaine [8; 95% CI 0–23; p = 0.003]; ketorolac [14; 95% CI 0–28; p = 0.007]), with no significant difference in the degree of reduction between groups (p = 0.835). Rescue medication was required by 67% receiving lidocaine, compared to 50% receiving ketorolac. No significant change in PRS between groups was found at the conclusion or at the follow-up.

Conclusion

Intravenous lidocaine failed to clinically alleviate the pain associated with acute radicular low back pain.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇复合酒石酸布托啡诺用于治疗骨折术后急性疼痛的临床效果观察

目的比较单用酮咯酸氨丁三醇和酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合酒石酸布托啡诺用于治疗骨折术后急性疼痛的效果。方法 80例骨折术后急性疼痛患者,拟采用酮咯酸氨丁三醇或酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合酒石酸布托啡诺治疗,随机均分为两组。两组镇痛负荷剂量均为酮咯酸氨丁三醇30 mg。并继以2 ml/h静脉持续泵注酮咯酸氨丁三醇0.5 mg/kg（A组）及酮咯酸氨丁三醇0.25 mg/kg联合酒石酸布托啡诺10 mg（B组）。采用视觉模拟量表（VAS法）评分法评价给药前（T1）、给药后10 min、1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h（分别为T2、T3、T4、T5、T6）时的镇痛效果,并记录胃部不适、干呕或呕吐等不良反应的发生情况。结果与T1时点相比,两组T2、T3、T4、T5、T6时点VAS评分明显降低（P〈0.05）。与T2-T5时点相比,两组的VAS评分在T6时点升高（P〈0.05）。T6时点A组的VAS评分低于B组（P〈0.05）。B组胃部不适、干呕或呕吐等不良反应发生率明显低于A组（P〈0.05）。结论采用酮咯酸氨丁三醇酮或酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合酒石酸布托啡诺可有效控制骨折术后急性疼痛,其中酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合酒石酸布托啡诺的使用可明显降低相关不良反应发生率,但有效镇痛时间稍短。     

Is preoperative ketorolac a useful adjunct to regional anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy?

Background: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a popular component of analgesia regimens, particularly in combination with narcotics. We questioned whether there might also be a place for their use in conjunction with regional anesthesia and whether there was a preferable route for NSAID administration. Methods: Ilioinguinal and field blocks were performed pre-operatively on seventy patients undergoing outpatient inguinal hernia repair. Patients were divided into a control group who received no ketorolac and four study groups who received a preoperative dose of 30 mg ketorolac by one of the following routes: IV, IM, PO, or intrawound (IW). The ketorolac in the IW group was mixed in the syringe with the local anesthetic used for the field block. IV and IM groups also received ketorolac at the time of the preoperative regional anesthesia and the PO group received the dose at least one hour preoperatively. All patients received a similar general anesthetic intraoperatively. Results: Postoperative pain scores and analgesic requirements were lowest for the IM, IV, and IW groups. Pain scores and analgesic requirements for the PO group were less than for the control group but more than for the other three groups. Analgesic efficacy therefore ranked: IM = IV = IW>PO>Control. Though no differences were found between groups in the time to discharge from the recovery room, the ease of nursing care paralleled the findings for pain scores and analgesia requirements. Conclusion: Beyond the analgesia provided by the regional anesthesia of the ilioinguinal and field blocks, the preoperative use of ketorolac further reduced postoperative pain scores and the need for additional postoperative analgesic medication. Comparable outcomes for the IV, IM, and IW groups indicate the lack of any benefit to concentrating the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at the wound (IW) or to achieving high blood levels rapidly (IV). In conclusion, ketorolac is a useful supplement to ilioinguinal plus field block regional anesthesia for hernia surgery and is most effective administered parenterally.