卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液和缩宫素在剖宫产产后出血中的应用

目的观察卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液（欣母沛）和缩宫素在预防和减少剖宫产产后出血的疗效及其不良反应比较。方法选择2013年11月至2014年3月同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院足月妊娠并行子宫下段剖宫产术的40例产妇为研究对象,并按胎儿娩出后宫体注射药物的不同,将剖宫产术中使用卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液的20例产妇纳入Ⅰ组,将术中使用缩宫素的20例产妇纳入Ⅱ组。观察两组产妇的手术情况和生命体征变化情况。两组产妇年龄、孕龄、体质量等一般情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。本研究遵循的程序符合同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象本人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书。结果Ⅰ组产妇术中出血量显著少于Ⅱ组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组产妇用药10min后生命体征变化情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Ⅰ组产妇恶心、呕吐、胸闷和颜面潮红等药物不良反应发生率显著高于Ⅱ组,两组比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液用于剖宫产术能有效的减少产后出血,但该药物使用时应预防和避免其药物不良反应的发生。     

非甾体抗炎药酮咯酸的脊髓镇痛作用

采用小鼠温浴法研究非甾体抗炎药（ＮＳＡＩＤ）酮咯酸氨了三醇的脊髓镇痛作用及其机制，发现脊髓内注射酮咯酸氨了三醇０．４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１有明显镇痛作用，但全身给药（ｉｐ）需８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１才能达到同样镇痛效果，脊髓与腹腔注射有效剂量比为１：２０，证实酮咯酸具有脊髓镇痛作用，该作用可被ｓｃ利血平、呱唑嗪或育亨宾取消，表明酮咯酸脊髓镇痛作用机制与内源镇痛系统中的去甲肾上腺素能神经有密切关系。本文研究结果为了解ＮＳＡＩＤｓ的中枢镇痛作用及其机制提供了新资料。     

Effect of pretreatment with ketorolac on propofol injection pain

BACKGROUND: : Pain on injection is still a major problem with propofol. We performed this study to compare different doses of intravenous (i.v.) ketorolac with and without venous occlusion and its effect on the incidence and the severity of the pain after propofol injection. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized and double-blind study of 180 patients (20-60 years of age.) scheduled to undergo elective surgery. Six groups of patients were generated: group A received normal saline (NS) 2 ml i.v.; groups B, C, D received ketorolac 10 mg in 2 ml NS with venous occlusion (VO) and a subsequent propofol injection at either 30, 60 or 120 s; groups E and F received ketorolac 15 mg and 30 mg in 2 ml NS and propofol was injected after 60 s. The pain perception was assessed during injection of propofol in all patients. RESULT: : The incidence of propofol-associated injection pain was for A: 46.7%; B: 43.4%; C: 23.3%; D:16.7%; E: 20%, and F: 10%. The incidence of pain following propofol injection was reduced by i.v. ketorolac 10 mg with venous occlusion for 120 s. Furthermore, i.v. ketorolac 15 mg and 30 mg but not 10 mg following propofol injection after 60 s without venous occlusion revealed significant pain reduction when compared to saline group. There was no difference in venous sequelae at 7 days postoperatively between the groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that pretreatment with i.v. 15 and 30 mg ketorolac reduces pain following propofol injection. Moreover, pretreatment with i.v. ketorolac 10 mg with venous occlusion for 120 s achieves the same pain relief effect.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇胶囊溶出度测定方法的研究

目的建立酮咯酸氨丁三醇胶囊溶出度测定方法。方法以水为溶出介质,转速为50 r.min-1,分光光度法检测,检测波长为322 nm。结果酮咯酸氨丁三醇在3.16~12.64μg.mL-1浓度与其吸收度呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为99.01%,RSD为0.20%。结论该方法操作简便,准确可靠。     

Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients--a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus (PI) is the transient impairment of bowel motility due to surgical trauma and the associated physiological responses. Postoperative ileus results in patient discomfort, increases gastrointestinal risks, prolongs hospital stay and increases medical expenses. In this study, we investigated the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine with or without ketorolac on bowel functions in patients after colorectal surgeries. METHODS: A total of 79 patients who received elective colorectal resection were randomly allocated into two groups receiving either intravenous PCA morphine (M group) or intravenous PCA morphine plus ketorolac (K group). Recovery of bowel functions (bowel movement, passage of flatus, and soft diet intake), pain scores, morphine consumption, time for first ambulation, and opioid-related side-effects were recorded. RESULTS: Patients in the K group received 29% less morphine than patients in the M group with comparable pain scores. The first bowel movement (1.5 [0.7-1.9] vs. 1.7 [1.0-2.8] days, P < 0.05) and the first ambulation (2.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.2 days, P < 0.05) were significantly earlier in the K group than in the M group. The time of the first flatus passing, the first intake of soft diet, and duration of hospital stay were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that addition of ketorolac to intravenous morphine PCA provides an opioid-sparing effect but has limited benefit in shortening the duration of bowel immobility and time to first ambulation. These findings imply that postoperative ileus is attributable to multiple factors in addition to morphine consumption.     

Prostaglandin-mediated control of rat brain kynurenic acid synthesis – opposite actions by COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms

Summary. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous glutamate-receptor antagonist preferentially blocking NMDA-receptors, has analgesic properties and has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recently, the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac was found to increase rat brain KYNA. Here, we analyze whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 modulate the levels of rat brain KYNA. The non-selective COX-inhibitor diclofenac (50mg/kg, i.p.) or indomethacin (50mg/kg, i.p.), a non-selective inhibitor with a preferential selectivity for COX-1, produced an elevation in brain KYNA. In contrast, the COX-2 selective inhibitors parecoxib (25mg/kg, i.p.) or meloxicam (5mg/kg, i.p.) decreased brain KYNA. Both elevation and lowering of brain KYNA by indomethacin or parecoxib, respectively, were prevented by the prostaglandin E₁/E₂ agonist misoprostol (1mg/kg, s.c.). It is proposed that increased brain KYNA formation induced by NSAIDs displaying an inhibitory action on COX-1 contribute to their analgesic efficacy as well as to their psychiatric side effects.     

Methylprednisolone intravenously 1 day after surgery has sustained analgesic and opioid-sparing effects

BACKGROUND: In previous studies on glucocorticoids for postoperative pain, the test drug has been given perioperatively, usually before measurement of baseline pain. In order to evaluate the time course and magnitude of the analgesic effect of a glucocorticoid in well-established postoperative pain, we compared methylprednisolone with ketorolac and placebo, after assessment of baseline pain on the first postoperative day. METHODS: This was a double-blind, single dose, randomized, parallel comparison of intravenous (i.v.) methylprednisolone 125 mg, ketorolac 30 mg as an active control, and placebo in 75 patients with moderate to severe pain 1 day after orthopaedic surgery. Outcome variables were pain intensity (0-100 VAS), pain relief (0-4 PAR) and rescue opioid consumption. RESULTS: Methylprednisolone was not significantly different from ketorolac and gave significantly lower pain intensity from 1 h (0-6 h, P < 0.02), and more pain relief 2-6 h after test drugs (P < 0.05) compared with placebo. After 24 h, pain intensity was lower in both active drug groups compared with placebo (methylprednisolone, P < 0.0001; ketorolac, P < 0.007). Number needed to treat (NNT) calculated from patients having more than at least 50% of maximum obtainable total pain relief during the first 6 h (>50%maxTOTPAR(6 h)) was 3.6 for methylprednisolone and 3.1 for ketorolac. Number needed to treat calculated from the percentage reporting at least 50% pain relief for at least 4 h (>50%PAR(4 h)) was 2.8 for both groups. Opioid consumption was significantly reduced for 72 h after methylprednisolone compared with ketorolac (P < 0.02) and placebo (P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Methylprednisolone 125 mg i.v. 1 day after surgery gave similar early reduction of pain as i.v. ketorolac 30 mg. Less pain than placebo 24 h after methylprednisolone, and lower opioid consumption for 72 h compared with ketorolac and placebo indicate sustained analgesic effects of methylprednisolone.     

卡贝缩宫素与欣母沛用于阴式分娩预防产后出血疗效观察

目的探讨卡贝缩宫素与欣母沛在阴式分娩中预防产后出血的临床效果,为临床治疗方案的选择提供理论依据。方法本研纳入2016年1~11月我院产科接收的有产后出血高危因素的产妇240例。按数字法随机分为两组,观察组(娩出后给予卡贝缩宫素)120例,对照组(胎儿娩出后应用欣母沛)120例,比较两组产妇产后2 h、4h出血量、分娩前后血红蛋白浓度下降幅度及两组不良反应情况。结果两组产时、产后2 h、4 h出血量比较差异无统学计意义(P0.05);两组分娩前后血红蛋白浓度变化比较差异无统学计意义(P0.05);观察组药物不良反应(恶心、呕吐、腹痛、面部潮红)发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论与欣母沛相比,卡贝缩宫素在预防阴式分娩产后出血方面有相同的疗效,且卡贝缩宫素不良反应较少。     

Emergency department analgesia without narcotics for adults with acute sickle cell pain crisis: Case reports and review of crisis management

Vaso-occlusive crises are one of the most debilitating features of sickle cell disease. There appears to be no standardization of care for adults with pain crisis, and some commonly utilized regimens, such as those employing intramuscular meperidine, are pharmacologically unsound. Parenteral narcotic use may be associated with respiratory compromise acutely and with dependence over the long term, but nonopioid preparations are often unsatisfactory in relieving pain. We have recently enjoyed success with a combination of a parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication and an oral tricyclic antidepressant. We report four representative cases and review the salient points of the management of pain crisis in adult patients in the emergency department.     

Double-masked study of the effects of nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% on corneal epithelial wound healing and pain after photorefractive keratectomy

Two NSAIDs—nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0.4%—were compared in terms of their effects on corneal reepithelialization and pain after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in a randomized, double-masked, contralateral eye, multicenter study. A total of 40 healthy adult patients who were undergoing sequential bilateral PRK received nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% in contralateral eyes, 1 drop 3 times daily for 3 d after bandage contact lens insertion. Patients were assessed on postoperative days 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7. At each visit, patients provided a general rating of pain. Each patient also assessed the sensation of each eyedrop following instillation (after-drop pain, irritation, burning/stinging, and overall comfort). Starting on day 3, epithelial defect size was assessed. Mean epithelial defect size was similar between treatments at each postoperative visit (P > .05). The average time-to-healing was 4.18 d for nepafenac 0.1 % and 4.00 d for ketorolac 0.4% (P=.3134). No statistical difference was observed between nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% in mean postoperative pain scores (P > .05). On day 3, the nepafenac 0.1% group had significantly lower mean sensation scores than did the ketorolac 0.4% group for after-drop pain (P=.0090), irritation (P=.0007), and burning/ stinging (P=.0003). Mean overall comfort score was also significantly better for nepafenac 0.1% on day 3 (7.43 vs 6.41; P < .0001). Nepafenac 0.1% and ketorolac 0.4% provide postoperative pain relief after PRK surgery without associated adverse effects on corneal epithelial healing. Nepafenac 0.1 % treatment may offer greater comfort upon instillation in patients who have undergone PRK.