颅内肿瘤的CT误诊分析

目的　分析颅内肿瘤的CT误诊原因 ,提高颅内肿瘤的CT诊断水平。方法　回顾分析经病理证实、CT误诊的 17例颅内肿瘤的CT图像资料 ,并与病理学结果进行对照。结果　CT误诊的 17例包括脑膜瘤 7例 ,胶质瘤 7例 ,颅咽管瘤 1例 ,垂体瘤 1例 ,多发颅内肿瘤1例。病变征象不典型、对病变CT征象认识不足和观察不仔细、检查方法不当、诊断思维错误、机器因素等是造成CT误诊颅内肿瘤的主要原因。结论　加强对病变CT征象的认识 ,培养客观正确的诊断思维 ,选择恰当的扫描方式 ,有助于减少或避免颅内肿瘤的CT误诊。     

体视学法与尺量法测定颅内血肿体积的对比研究

介绍了测量颅内血肿体积的体视学法 ,并与尺量法进行比较 ,两种方法的测量结果无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但体视学法更加简便、快速。     

颅内结核的MRI诊断

目的：探讨MRI对颅内结核的诊断价值。方法：回顾性地分析11例经手术或活检病理证实的颅内结核病例资料和MRI表现,其中结核性脑膜炎5例,颅内结核瘤4例,颅内结核瘤并脑膜炎2例。结果：结核性脑膜炎的MRI主要表现为脑梗塞、脑积水,脑膜及脑基底池的异常增强等。结核瘤MRI可表现为占位、脑水肿,可见钙化,在T2WI上呈低信号以及环形或结节状的异常增强为其特征表现。结论：MRI在诊断颅内结核方面有比较特征性的表现。具有重要的诊断价值。     

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: epidemiology,screening and work-up for repair

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the infra-renal abdominal aorta to greater than 3 cm. Population screening is offered to men in the year of their 65th birthday in the UK. Patients with small, asymptomatic AAAs (<5.5 cm) are entered into surveillance programmes and have their cardiovascular risk factors managed aggressively. An AAA ≥5.5 cm diameter, or one which is symptomatic, should be considered for surgical repair to prevent rupture. Aneurysm repair can be undertaken using either an open surgical or endovascular approach; the decision should be tailored to the individual patient and made by the surgeon and patient, with input from a multi-disciplinary team.     

HTAD patient pathway: Strategy for diagnostic work-up of patients and families with (suspected) heritable thoracic aortic diseases (HTAD). A statement from the HTAD working group of VASCERN

Heritable thoracic aortic diseases (HTAD) are rare pathologies associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection, which can be syndromic or non-syndromic. They may result from genetic defects. Associated genes identified to date are classified into those encoding components of the (a) extracellular matrix (b) TGFβ pathway and (c) smooth muscle contractile mechanism. Timely diagnosis allows for prompt aortic surveillance and prophylactic surgery, hence improving life expectancy and reducing maternal complications as well as providing reassurance to family members when a diagnosis is ruled out. This document is an expert opinion reflecting strategies put forward by medical experts and patient representatives involved in the HTAD Rare Disease Working Group of VASCERN. It aims to provide a patient pathway that improves patient care by diminishing time to diagnosis, facilitating the establishment of a correct diagnosis using molecular genetics when possible, excluding the diagnosis in unaffected persons through appropriate family screening and avoiding overuse of resources. It is being recommended that patients are referred to an expert centre for further evaluation if they meet at least one of the following criteria: (1) thoracic aortic dissection (<70 years if hypertensive; all ages if non-hypertensive), (2) thoracic aortic aneurysm (all adults with Z score >3.5 or 2.5–3.5 if non-hypertensive or hypertensive and <60 years; all children with Z score >3), (3) family history of HTAD with/without a pathogenic variant in a gene linked to HTAD, (4) ectopia lentis without other obvious explanation and (5) a systemic score of >5 in adults and >3 in children. Aortic imaging primarily relies on transthoracic echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography as needed. Genetic testing should be considered in those with a high suspicion of underlying genetic aortopathy. Though panels vary among centers, for patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection or systemic features these should include genes with a definitive or strong association to HTAD. Genetic cascade screening and serial aortic imaging should be considered for family screening and follow-up. In conclusion, the implementation of these strategies should help standardise the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of patients with suspected HTAD and the screening of their relatives.     

高分辨率MR血管壁成像测量壁强化指数评估颅内动脉瘤不稳定性

目的探讨高分辨率MR(HRMR)血管壁成像(VWI)所测壁强化指数(WEI)评估颅内动脉瘤不稳定性的价值。方法回顾性分析174例未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者。以3D-DSA观察动脉瘤大小、位置、形态。基于HRMR血管壁成像主观评估是否有动脉瘤壁强化(AWE),并采用软件计算WEI。采用ELAPSS及PHASES评分评估动脉瘤生长风险及破裂风险。以Spearman相关分析观察WEI与动脉瘤生长及破裂风险的相关性。结果 174例患者共248个无症状未破裂颅内囊状动脉瘤,HRMR VWI示AWE 78个、无AWE 170个。AWE与无AWE动脉瘤大小、位置、形态、ELAPSS评分、生长风险、PHASES评分、5年破裂风险差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。AWE动脉瘤WEI高于无AWE动脉瘤(P0.001)。Spearman相关分析显示,WEI与动脉瘤3年、5年生长风险(r_s=0.40、0.40,P均0.01)及5年破裂风险(r_s=0.24,P0.01)均呈正相关。结论 HRMR VWI所测WEI越高,提示动脉瘤不稳定性越高。     

介入治疗内脏动脉瘤的远期疗效

目的观察介入治疗内脏动脉瘤(VAA)的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析30例接受介入治疗VAA患者(41个瘤灶),术后随访时间均12个月,观察治疗效果及并发症。结果对12个肾动脉瘤、8个脾动脉瘤行动脉瘤填塞术,其中5个脾动脉瘤、5个肾动脉瘤采用裸支架辅助填塞;对13个脾动脉瘤、1个肝动脉瘤行动脉瘤栓塞术;对4个肾动脉瘤行载瘤动脉支架植入术,其中3个采用多层裸支架植入术、1个采用覆膜支架植入术;对2个肾动脉瘤、1个腹腔干动脉瘤行保守治疗;均获得成功。1个脾动脉瘤栓塞术后出现部分脾梗死,1个左肾多发动脉瘤植入支架后瘤腔小部分显影。术后随访12～55个月,平均(23.44±12.48)个月,期间脾梗死者梗死面积未增大、未见脓肿形成,瘤腔部分显影病变显影面积未增大。30例患者中,1例因心力衰竭死亡,余均存活,无VAA复发及其他并发症。结论介入治疗VAA远期疗效较好,且安全性较高。