Effects of Peritoneal Ropivacaine Nebulization for Pain Control After Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of peritoneal cold nebulization of ropivacaine on pain control after gynecologic laparoscopy.DesignEvidence obtained from a properly designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I).SettingTertiary care center.PatientsOne hundred thirty-five women with American Society of Anesthesiologists disease classified as ASA I-III who were scheduled to undergo operative laparoscopy.InterventionPatients were randomized to receive either nebulization of 30 mg ropivacaine before surgery (preoperative group), nebulization of 30 mg ropivacaine after surgery (postoperative group), instillation of 100 mg ropivacaine before surgery (instillation group), or instillation of saline solution (control group). Nebulization was performed using the Aeroneb Pro device.Measurement and Main ResultsPain scores, morphine consumption, and ambulation time were collected in the post-anesthesia care unit and at 4, 6, and 24 hours postoperatively. One hundred eighteen patients completed the study. Patients in the preoperative group reported lower pain Numeric Ranking Scale values compared with those in the control group (net difference 2 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3–3.1 at 4 hours, 1–3 at 6 hours, and 0.7–3 at 24 hours; p = .01) Patients in the preoperative group consumed significantly less morphine than did those in the control group (net difference 7 mg; 95% CI, 0.7–13; p = .02). More patients who received nebulization walked without assistance within 12 hours after awakening than did those in the instillation and control groups (net difference 15%; 95% CI, 6%–24%; p = .001).ConclusionsCold nebulization of ropivacaine before surgery reduced postoperative pain and morphine consumption and was associated with earlier walking without assistance.     

Lateral approach to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa: a comparison between 1.5% mepivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ropivacaine and mepivacaine are commonly used local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blockade. The purpose of the present study was to compare onset time, quality of anesthesia, and duration of analgesia with ropivacaine 0.75% and mepivacaine 1.5% for lateral popliteal nerve block. METHODS: Fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients scheduled for foot and ankle surgery with calf tourniquet under lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block were randomly assigned to receive 30 mL of either ropivacaine 0.75% or mepivacaine 1.5%. Time required for onset of sensory and motor block, resolution of motor blockade, onset of postsurgical pain, and time of first analgesic medication were recorded. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar with regard to demographic variables and duration of surgery. Onset of sensory and motor block was significantly shorter in the mepivacaine group (9.9 +/- 3.3 min and 14.7 +/- 3.6 min, respectively) than in the ropivacaine group (18.1 +/- 6.1 min and 23.6 +/- 5.5 min, respectively) (P < 0.001). Resolution of motor block occurred later in the ropivacaine group than in the mepivacaine group (P < 0.001), and duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in the ropivacaine group (19 +/- 3.4 h) compared with the mepivacaine group (5.9 +/- 1.1 h) (P < 0.001). Analgesic requirements were higher in mepivacaine group than in the ropivacaine group (P < 0.001). There were 2 failed blocks, one in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Both ropivacaine and mepivacaine provided effective sciatic nerve blockade. Mepivacaine 1.5% displayed a significantly shorter onset time than ropivacaine 0.75%. Postoperatively, ropivacaine 0.75% resulted in longer-lasting analgesia and less need for oral pain medication.     

意识与脑功能连接性:麻醉药物作用机制的研究进展

背景 功能连接性(整合),相对于解剖结构连接性,是指在耦联的神经系统中信号之间存在统计学上的依赖关系,近年来发现大脑不同区域之间的功能连接性与意识关系密切,而麻醉药物诱导意识丧失的机制很可能与功能连接性有关.目的 现从意识与大脑功能连接性角度对麻醉药物作用机制的研究进展作一综述.内容 静息态功能磁共振(resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)在分析大脑功能连接性方面具有优势,多项研究应用rs-fMRI技术分析全身麻醉药物对脑区功能连接性的影响,提示麻醉药物的可能作用靶点为脑区功能连接性. 趋向 rs-fMRI技术的不断发展,为研究麻醉药物作用机制开辟了新的方向.     

Local anesthetics inhibit glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes

Local anesthetics have been widely used for regional anesthesia and the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Recent studies have also demonstrated that low‐dose systemic local anesthetic infusion has neuroprotective properties. Considering the fact that excessive glutamate release can cause neuronal excitotoxicity, we investigated whether local anesthetics might influence glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Results showed that two commonly used local anesthetics, lidocaine and bupivacaine, exhibited a dose‐dependent inhibition of 4‐AP‐evoked release of glutamate. The effects of lidocaine or bupivacaine on the evoked glutamate release were prevented by the chelation of extracellular Ca²⁺ ions and the vesicular transporter inhibitor bafilomycin A1. However, the glutamate transporter inhibitor dl ‐threo‐beta‐benzyl‐oxyaspartate did not have any effect on the action of lidocaine or bupivacaine. Both lidocaine and bupivacaine reduced the depolarization‐induced increase in [Ca²⁺]_C but did not alter 4‐AP‐mediated depolarization. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of lidocaine or bupivacaine on evoked glutamate release was prevented by blocking the Ca_v2.2 (N‐type) and Ca_v2.1 (P/Q‐type) channels, but it was not affected by blocking of the ryanodine receptors or the mitochondrial Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) also prevented the action of lidocaine or bupivacaine. These results show that local anesthetics inhibit glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals. This effect is linked to a decrease in [Ca²⁺]_C caused by Ca²⁺ entry through presynaptic voltage‐dependent Ca²⁺ channels and the suppression of the PKA and PKC signaling cascades. Synapse 67:568–579, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

全麻药物对突触可塑性影响的研究进展

背景 全麻药物作用于中枢神经系统的多种神经递质和受体靶点,而这些又恰恰是神经突触可塑性相关机制中的重要成分或结构,通过调节突触可塑性进而对学习记忆功能产生广泛而多样的作用. 目的 推进对全麻药物麻醉机理的认识. 内容 分析全麻药物对大脑突触可塑性影响的研究进展 趋向 为临床麻醉药物的合理使用、减少术中知晓和术后认知功能障碍等相关并发症的发生提供科学依据.     

七氟烷吸入诱导的性别差异

目的测定男性与女性患者七氟烷吸入诱导下气管插管的半数有效浓度（MAC-EI50）并进行统计学比较。方法择期全麻患者,男性组（M组）31例,女性组（F组）35例,呼吸回路进行七氟烷预充后行肺活量法面罩吸入,调节七氟烷吸入浓度,进行序贯法吸入,首例患者设定浓度为4%,待气体浓度吸入（Fi）与呼出（Ft）均接近或达到设定的目标浓度（Fi/Ft=1）时,静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg＋维库溴胺0.15mg/kg,2 min后进行气管插管,采用插管反应作为判断指标,出现7个交叉点（有效浓度-无效浓度）达到试验终点。结果 M组七氟烷的MAC-EI50为3.021（1.8MAC）,其95%的可信区间CI为（2.208,3.520）。F组七氟烷的MAC-EI50为2.744（1.6MAC）,其95%的可信区间CI为（2.358,3.093）。两组间进行u检验,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论性别也是影响气管插管时气体麻醉的MAC值的一个因素,男性的MAC-EI50明显高于女性。     

Induction of anaesthesia

General anaesthesia is a temporary state of unconsciousness which is induced to facilitate a therapeutic procedure. Induction is the first stage of a sequential process. It commences with patient preparation and assessment away from theatre then continues in the safe and monitored environment of the anaesthetic room or operating theatre where the administration of drugs and airway interventions take place. The anaesthetic then transits through maintenance, emergence and recovery phases. The exact mechanism of induction, whether it be intravenous, inhalational or rapid sequence induction, depends on the needs of the patient and the procedure planned. As general anaesthesia is seldom a therapeutic intervention in itself, it is essential that inherent risks to the patient be minimized.