Care and monitoring of the anaesthetized patient

Anaesthesia and surgery produce significant physiological changes in the human body. These significant changes mandate the need to monitor the continuously changing physiological parameters for patient safety and optimization. It is not uncommon to encounter iatrogenic harm to the patient during anaesthetic and surgical intervention. This article covers the importance of monitoring and interventions to reduce harm to the patients and promote safety.     

Jejunal and Bladder Perforation: Complication of Intravesical Nd-YAG Laser Irradiation of Bladder Tumour

Nd-YAG laser coagulation is a therapeutic method for the treatment of refractory superficial bladder cancer. Complications resulting from its use are uncommon. We report a case of jejunal and bladder perforation 24 h after Nd-YAG bladder irradiation of a recurrent bladder tumour.     

Cusp Symmetry and Coronary Ostial Eccentricity and its Impact on Coronary Access Following TAVR

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity and its impact on coronary access following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using a patient-specific commissural alignment implantation technique.BackgroundTAVR implantation techniques to obtain neocommissural alignment have been introduced. The impact of cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity on coronary access after TAVR remains unknown.MethodsCardiac computed tomographic scans from 200 tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs) and 200 type 1 bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) were studied. Cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity were assessed. In addition, the right coronary cusp/left coronary cusp and right coronary artery (RCA)/left coronary artery (LCA) ostia overlap views were calculated and compared.ResultsSevere cusp asymmetry (>135°) was more frequent in BAVs (52.5%) than in TAVs (2.5%) (P < 0.001), with the noncoronary cusp being the most common dominant cusp. The RCA ostium was found to be more often eccentric (>20°) than the LCA ostium (28% vs 6%, respectively; P < 0.001). Considering the right/left cusp overlap view, there was <20° deviation between the right coronary cusp–left coronary cusp centered line and the RCA-LCA centered line in 95% of all patients (TAV, 97%; BAV, 93%). The right/left cusp and coronary ostia overlap view differed by <10° and <20° fluoroscopic angulation in 75% and 98% of all cases, respectively.ConclusionsUsing the right/left cusp overlap view to obtain commissural alignment in TAVR is also an effective approach to implant one of the transcatheter heart valve commissures in the near center between both coronary ostia in most TAVs and type 1 BAVs. Preprocedural CT assessment remains crucial to assess cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity.     

Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in a patient with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis: A case report and systematic literature review

A 58-year-old man with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis (MDA5-DM) developed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignant lymphoma as other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (OIIA-LPD) during the combined immunosuppressive therapy of high-dose prednisolone, tacrolimus, and intravenous cyclophosphamide for MDA5-DM. Serum EBV DNA was detected, and EBV-encoded small RNA was positive in the tissue sample of LPD, indicating that EBV reactivation contributed to the pathogenesis of LPD in our case. The patient underwent chemotherapy, including rituximab, promptly after discontinuation of tacrolimus and cyclophosphamide, resulting in complete remission of the malignant lymphoma, and MDA5-DM has not recurred with 3.5 mg/d of prednisolone monotherapy. We reviewed 19 cases of OIIA-LPD in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and herein report the first case of MDA5-DM complicated with OIIA-LPD. Among the 19 patients, 7 showed regression of LPD only following withdrawal of immunosuppressants, 9 took chemotherapy for LPD, and 5 died. It should be noted that patients with MDA5-DM-associated rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease could develop OIIA-LPD because they receive aggressive immunosuppressive therapy.     

糖尿病患者医院内感染回顾性分析及防治对策

目的:了解糖尿病患者医院内感染的状况及相关因素并提出防治对策。方法:对1 762例住院的糖尿病患者进行回顾性调查及统计分析。结果:医院内感染241例,感染率13.67%,以呼吸系统居多,占63.49%;检出的病原体依次为以真菌、大肠埃希氏菌、鲁氏耶尔森氏菌,病原菌检出率56.43%;241例医院内感染者死亡5例,均合并肺部真菌感染,占2.07%;住院期间平均空服血糖、住院时间、年龄、住院病房人数、入院前抗生素使用情况是糖尿病患者医院内感染的相关因素。结论:严格控制糖代谢紊乱、缩短住院时间、合理使用抗生素、积极抗真菌治疗是防治综合性医院糖尿病患者医院内感染的有效措施。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术对医源性胆道损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP）对医源性胆道损伤的诊断与治疗价值。方法行常规胆管造影,透视下发现胆管梗阻时,如发现胆管完全梗阻或已中断,即停止操作;如发现胆管狭窄,采用扩张探条和柱状扩张气囊行狭窄段扩张,再放置塑料内置管。发现造影剂外溢时,如为肝外胆管漏,引流管置于肝内胆管,如为肝内胆管漏,则置于接近漏口的胆管中。发现胆管结石时,如条件许可则行括约肌切开取石。结果18例患者中13例成功接受内镜下治疗,其中9例患者疗效满意,避免了再次手术,疗效满意率69.2%,其余9例患者,除1例病情恶化外均接受手术治疗。该组未发生与内镜操作有关的并发症和死亡。结论对于手术造成的胆道损伤,ERCP不仅具有定性和定位的诊断意义,而且具有一定的治疗作用,多数的胆漏患者和部分胆管狭窄患者可通过内镜治疗痊愈,避免了再次手术的创伤。     

Iatrogenic effects of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders: prevalence, predictors, prevention

AIMS: To examine the prevalence and personal and intervention-related predictors of potential iatrogenic effects associated with psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders and provide a conceptual framework to guide further research on such effects. METHOD: A review of relevant studies focuses on the prevalence and predictors of potential iatrogenic effects of psychosocial treatment and prevention programs for substance use disorders. RESULTS: Between 7% and 15% of patients who participate in psychosocial treatment for substance use disorders may be worse off subsequent to treatment than before. In addition, several controlled trials of substance use prevention have shown some apparent iatrogenic effects, including more positive expectations about substance use and a rise in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Probable person-related predictors of deterioration associated with treatment include younger age and unmarried status, more serious current diagnoses and substance use problems and more psychiatric and interpersonal problems. Probable intervention-related predictors of deterioration include lack of bonding; lack of monitoring; confrontation, criticism and high emotional arousal; deviancy modeling; and stigma, low or inappropriate expectations and lack of challenge. CONCLUSION: A significant minority of individuals with substance use problems appear to deteriorate during or shortly after participation in treatment or prevention programs. Safety standards and monitoring procedures are needed to routinely identify potential adverse consequences of intervention programs; research is needed to clarify whether deterioration is due to iatrogenic effects of interventions and to identify new approaches to counteract any such effects.     

Prevalence of nucleic acid sequences specific for human parvoviruses, hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses in coagulation factor concentrates

Background and Objectives Due to their high resistance to inactivation procedures, nonenveloped viruses such as parvovirus B19, human bocavirus (HBoV), human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) pose a particular threat to blood products. Virus transmission to patients treated with blood products presents an additional burden to disease. We determined the frequency and the amount of nucleic acid specific for nonenveloped viruses in recently manufactured preparations of commercial coagulation factor concentrates. Materials and Methods At least three different batches of each of 13 different plasma‐derived and recombinant coagulation factor products were tested for the presence and the amount of nucleic acid for parvovirus B19, HBoV, human parvovirus 4, hepatitis A virus and HEV by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Whereas none of the recombinant products tested positive for any of these viruses, parvovirus B19 DNA with amounts ranging between 2 × 10¹ and 1.3 × 10³ genome equivalents/ml was detected in five plasma‐derived products. In addition to parvovirus B19 genotype 1, genotypes 2 and 3 were observed in two batches of a factor VIII/von‐Willebrand factor product. In two products (one factor VIII concentrate and one activated prothrombin complex concentrate), a combination of both genotypes 1 and 2 of parvovirus B19 was detected. Conclusion The data show that nucleic acids from several relevant nonenveloped viruses are not found at detectable levels in coagulation factor concentrates. In some cases, parvovirus B19 DNA was detectable at low levels. Testing of the plasma pools for the full range of parvovirus genotypes is advocated for ensuring product safety.