Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability

Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with potential health-promoting effects. They are classified as flavonoid (flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) and non-flavonoid molecules (phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and tannins). Although an increasing number of trials have shown a correlation among polyphenol consumption and a reduction in risk factors for chronic diseases, discrepancies in explaining their positive effects have been found in terms of the bioavailability. In fact, polyphenols show a low bioavailability due to several factors: interaction with the food matrix, the metabolic processes mediated by the liver (phase I and II metabolism), intestine and microbiota. On the other hand, the biological activities of phenol compounds may be mediated by their metabolites, which are produced in vivo, and recent studies have confirmed that these molecules may have antioxidant and anti-phlogistic properties. This review discusses the studies performed in vivo, which consider the polyphenol bioavailability and their different food sources. Factors influencing the biological effects of the main classes of polyphenols are also considered.     

Hepatoprotective Effect of Mixture of Dipropyl Polysulfides in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis

The main biologically active components of plants belonging to the genus Allium, responsible for their biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory, are organosulfur compounds. The aim of this study was to synthetize the mixture of dipropyl polysulfides (DPPS) and to test their biological activity in acute hepatitis. C57BL/6 mice were administered orally with DPPS 6 h before intravenous injection of Concanavalin A (ConA). Liver inflammation, necrosis and hepatocytes apoptosis were determined by histological analyses. Cytokines in liver tissue were determined by ELISA, expression of adhesive molecules and enzymes by RT PCR, while liver mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. DPPS pretreatment significantly attenuated liver inflammation and injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological observations. In DPPS-pretreated mice, messenger RNA levels of adhesion molecules and NADPH oxidase complex were significantly reduced, while the expression of SOD enzymes was enhanced. DPPS pretreatment decreased protein level of inflammatory cytokines and increased percentage of T regulatory cells in the livers of ConA mice. DPPS showed hepatoprotective effects in ConA-induced hepatitis, characterized by attenuation of inflammation and affection of Th17/Treg balance in favor of T regulatory cells and implicating potential therapeutic usage of DPPS mixture in inflammatory liver diseases.     

Neighborhood social environments,healthy resources,and adult diabetes: Accounting for activity space exposures

This study broadens contextual environments to include adults’ activity spaces—inside and outside the residential neighborhood—to examine how contextual exposures shape type 2 diabetes risk. We use novel longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, construct time-weighted exposure measures of adults’ social-structural and healthy resource environments, and execute random effects logistic models predicting the probability of being diabetic. Results indicate that residential and activity space exposures are independently associated with adult diabetes, and that residential and activity space healthy resources combine to influence diabetes risk in synergistic ways. Living in more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods reduces diabetes risk, particularly when spending time in activity spaces with greater access to recreational facilities. Moreover, healthier activity space environments may compensate for living in neighborhoods devoid of healthy food options to lessen diabetes risk. Adopting an activity space framework can inform multilevel interventions aimed at alleviating type 2 diabetes and other chronic ailments.     

抗幽门螺杆菌感染二种三联疗法的临床比较

目的　选择高效安全价廉适宜基层医院应用推广的根除幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)的方案。观察二种三联疗法(洛赛克、克拉霉素、阿莫西林、简称LCA ;善胃得、替硝唑、阿莫西林、简称ZTA)抗Hp感染的疗效 ,并与对照组 (泰胃美、简称Tag;普瑞博思、简称Pre)作比较。方法 :对 165例确诊为Hp感染的胃炎及溃疡病者 ,随机分治疗组 83例 (A组 42例、B组 41例 )和对照组 82例 (A1 组 41例均为溃疡、B1 组 41例均为胃炎 )。A组用LCA方案共一周 ,B组用ZTA方案二周 ;A1 组用Tag四周 ,B1 组用Pre十天。除A1 组 1例B1 组 2例失访外 162例治疗后 6周作呼吸试验 ( 1 3C-UBT、部分1 4C -UBT)等以观察近期疗效 ;14 6例 (A组 40例B组 37例 ,A1 组 36例B1 年组 33例 )一年后作胃镜等复查 ,确定Hp根除率及评价远期疗效。结果 :近期Hp根除率治疗组 91.6% (A组 95 .2 %、B组 87.8% )比对照组 35 .4% (A1 组 40 .4%、B1 组 30 .8% )高 (P <0 .0 1) ;远期Hp根除率治疗组 81.8% (A组 85 .0 %、B组 78.4% )明显高于对照组 30 .4% (A1 组 33.3%、B1 组 2 7.3% ) (P <0 .0 1) ;溃疡组 ,治疗A组Hp根除率 82 .6% ,B组 76.5 %均明显高于A1组 33.3% (P <0 .0 1) ;溃疡愈合率治疗组 87.5 % (A组 91.3%、B组 82 .4% )明显高于对照组 5 2 .8% (P <0 .0 1)     

两种拟除虫菊酯对地面游离蚤的现场灭效试验

本文报道作者对新加坡利农有限公司生产的两种拟除虫菊酯:阿尔发特3％乳油(氯氰菊酯)及虫赛死2.5％乳油(溴氰菊酯)对地面游离蚤的现场灭效试验。结果氯氰菊酯的校正灭蚤率为89.14％;溴氰菊酯为82.09％。说明该公司生产的这两种拟除虫菊酯对居民区蚤类有较好的杀虫效果,可在控制家鼠鼠疫灭蚤中推广使用。     

中药升降胶囊对大鼠胃排空的影响

[目的]观察中药升降胶囊对大鼠胃排空的影响,并从红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性和血浆胃动素(Mot)、生长抑素(SS)方面探讨其作用机制。[方法]将8周龄的SD大鼠随机分成B组(升降胶囊高剂量组),C组(升降胶囊低剂量组),D组(枳壳白术组),A组(正常对照组)和E组(西沙比利组)。用药10d后用同位素法检测其胃排空功能,微量羟胺法检测其红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,放免法检测其血浆Mot和SS。[结果]B、C、D组30min胃排空率分别为(51.44±6.38)%、(40.82±7.24)%和(40.22±7.16%,均高于八组的(33.18±6.32)%;3组红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、MOT和SS分别为:B组(0.856±0.128)μmol/h,(124.26±25.94)ng/L和(39.42±7.%)ng/L,C组(0.726±0.164)μmol/h,(119.86±29.38)ng/L和(38.33±7.64)ng/L,均高于A组的(0.576 ± 0.150)μmol/h,(91.28±26.84)ng/L和(28.22±7.68)ng/L。[结论]升降胶囊可促进胃排空,其机制可能与增强胆碱能神经功能及提高血浆Mot和SS水平有关。     

川芎嗪对家兔血管内皮细胞修复的影响

【目的】观察川芎嗪对血管损伤后内皮细胞修复的作用 ,探讨其作用机理与环节 ,为显微血管外科提供新的用药依据。【方法】新西兰大耳白兔 2 4只 ,行右侧股动脉切断后即刻端端吻合造模 ,术后随机分成川芎嗪治疗组、肝素治疗组及空白对照组予处理 ,术后 1、 3、 7、 14d分别切取大白兔吻合段动脉 ,作电镜扫描检测 ,观察内皮细胞的生长情况并作组间比较。【结果】在促进血管吻合术后血管内皮细胞的修复 ,促进血流通畅方面川芎嗪组与肝素组相当 (P >0 .0 5) ,两者均优于空白组 (P <0 .0 5)。【结论】川芎嗪能促进血管损伤后内皮细胞的修复 ,在显微血管外科具有肯定的使用价值。     

新型可吸收创面止血封固剂对动物体内止血性能的研究

目的：研究新型可吸收创面止血封固剂对大鼠肝脏切除创面的止血功效。方法：采用大鼠肝脏切除术,与国外三种创面止血封固剂进行对比试验。结果：（1）新型可吸收创面止血封固剂具有与国外Tachocomb、Gelfix、Surgicel相近的止血速度,在体内24－96小时可完全降解吸收,而且术后各项生化指标、病理检查均无显性差异。（2）良好的亲水性能使其具有较强的粘附力。（3）不含蛋白质对人类各型血液的红细胞不发生凝集反应。（4）具有防止术后粘连的功效。结论：经细胞毒性、遗传毒性、急毒、植入试验等均达到ISO标准,而且新型可吸收创面止血封固剂的价格仅为Tachocomb的5％,可在临床手术中广泛应用。     

活血化瘀开窍法对大鼠缺血再灌注脑组织NOS及自由基的影响

目的：研究活血化瘀开窍法对脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠脑组织一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）及自由基的影响。方法：48组大鼠随机分为6组,脑醒冲剂高,中,低剂量组,尼莫通组,模型组,假手术组,分别测定NOS,LPO,SOD,GSH－Px,并作统计学处理。结果：活血化瘀开窍中药能适度提升脑组织NOS浓度,并能提高SOD,GSH－Px的的活性,降低LPO水平（与模型组比较,P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。结论：活血化瘀方药对大鼠急性缺血再灌注脑损伤具有保护作用。