Evaluation of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos Linn.) gum as sustaining material in tablet dosage forms

In this study, honey locust gum (HLG) obtained from Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust) beans was investigated as a hydrophilic matrix material in the tablets prepared at different concentrations (5% and 10%) by wet granulation method. Theophylline was chosen as a model drug. The matrix tablets containing hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as sustaining polymers at the same concentrations were prepared and a commercial sustained release (CSR) tablet containing 200 mg theophylline was examined for comparison of HLG performance. Physical analysis on CSR tablet, matrix tablets and their granules before compression were performed. According to the results obtained from dissolution studies in distilled water, pH 1.2 HCl buffer and pH 7.2 phosphate buffer, no significant difference was found between CSR tablet and the matrix tablet containing 10% HLG in each medium (P > 0.05) and these tablets showed zero-order kinetic model in all the mediums.     

Title: Differentiating the effects of whey protein and guar gum preloads on postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsWhey protein and guar gum have both been reported to reduce postprandial glycemia in health and type 2 diabetes, associated with stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and/or slowing of gastric emptying. Our aim was to evaluate, in type 2 diabetes, the acute effects of low dose “preloads” of whey and guar, given alone or in combination before a meal, on postprandial glycemia, insulin, GLP-1, and gastric emptying.Methods21 patients with type 2 diabetes, managed by diet or metformin alone, were each studied on 4 days. They received a preload “shake” 15min before a mashed potato meal (368.5 kcal) labeled with ¹³C-octanoic-acid. The preloads comprised either (i) 17 g whey (W), (ii) 5 g guar (G), (iii) 17 g whey + 5 g guar (WG) each sweetened with 60 mg sucralose, and (iv) 60 mg sucralose alone (control; C), all dissolved in 150 mL water. Venous blood was sampled frequently for measurements of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 concentrations. Gastric half-emptying time (T50) was calculated from breath ¹³CO₂ excretion over 240 min.ResultsPostprandial blood glucose concentrations were lower with W and WG compared to C (each P < 0.0001, treatment × time interaction), and lower after G than C only at 30min. Insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon concentrations were higher after W than WG, G, or C (P < 0.05, treatment × time interaction), without differences between the latter three. Gastric emptying was slower with W (T50: 179.6 ± 6.1 min, P < 0.05) and WG (T50: 197.6 ± 9.7 min, P < 0.0001) when compared to C (T50: 162.9 ± 6.2 min), but did not differ between G (T50: 171.3 ± 7.0) and C (P > 0.99).ConclusionBoth whey and whey/guar preloads reduced postprandial glycemia, associated with slowing of gastric emptying. Low dose guar was less effective as a preload for glucose-lowering and did not slow gastric emptying.Clinical Trial Registry number and websiteAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Trial ID ACTRN12615001272583, http://www.anzctr.org.au     

长角豆胶对小鼠糖代谢的影响

<正>半乳甘露聚糖是植物的储备性多糖,主要存在于豆科植物种子的胚乳中,具有较强的吸水和保水能力,可作为增稠剂、凝胶剂、稳定剂和凝聚剂等广泛应用于食品、医药等许多工业领域[1]。     

p27蛋白在牙龈癌和癌前病变组织中的表达及临床病理学意义

目的探讨细胞周期相关蛋白027在牙龈癌及口腔黏膜癌前病变组织中的表达及其临床病理学意义。方法应用sP免疫组化法检测21例正常黏膜组织、26例癌前病变（白斑、红宽）组织及46例牙龈癌组织中p27蛋白的表达水平,分析p27蛋白与牙龈癌的病理分级和临床分期的关系。结果p27蛋白在正常口腔黏膜组织与癌前病变及牙龈癌组织中的阳性率和阳性表达率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,在正常口腔黏膜组织中的表达高于另2组p27蛋白的表达与患者性别、年龄等因素无相关性（P〉0．05）,但与病变的临床分级及病理分期密切相关（P〈0．05）。结论p27蛋白与癌前病变和牙龈癌的发生发展有密切关系,并与牙龈癌的临床分期成反比关系,与牙龈癌的病理分级成正比关系。     

Injectable hybrid delivery system composed of gellan gum,nanoparticles and gentamicin for the localized treatment of bone infections

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Bone infections are treated with antibiotics administered intravenously, antibiotic-releasing bone cements or collagen sponges placed directly in the infected area. These approaches render limited effectiveness due to the lack of site specificity and invasiveness of implanting cements and sponges. To address these limitations, we developed a novel polysaccharide hydrogel-based injectable system that enables controlled delivery of gentamicin (GENT). Its advantages are minimal invasiveness, and localized and finely regulated release of the drug.

Methods: GENT was incorporated both directly within the gellan gum hydrogel and into poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles embedded into the hydrogel.

Results: We confirmed the injectability of the system and measured extrusion force was 15.6 ± 1.0 N, which is suitable for injections. The system set properly after the injection as shown by rheological measurements. Desired burst release of the drug was observed within the first 12 h and the dose reached ~27% of total GENT. Subsequently, GENT was released gradually and sustainably: ~60% of initial dose within 90 days. In vitro studies confirmed antimicrobial activity of the system against Staphylococcus spp. and cytocompatibility with osteoblast-like cells.

Conclusions: Developed injectable system enables minimally invasive, local and sustained delivery of the pharmaceutically relevant doses of GENT to combat bone infections.     

Formulation and In vitro assessment of sustained release terbutaline sulfate tablet made from binary hydrophilic polymer mixtures

In the present systematic study, a sustained release of terbutaline sulfate tablet (TBS) was developed and optimized by employing the hydrophilic polymers; chitosan and xanthan gum mixed with sodium bicarbonate as a release modifying agent. This formulation was developed using direct compression technology. In vitro release studies indicated rapid swelling and drug release in the initial period of the acid stage from a matrix composed of chitosan and xanthan gum solely. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the matrix resulted in sustained drug release. Various formulation factors such as polymer to polymer ratio, polymer viscosity and particle size were altered and their effect on dissolution pattern was illustrated. Manufacturing variables such as compression force and lubricant percentage were investigated and found not to influence the drug release profile of the resulted tablets. The release mechanism follows Korsmeyer-Peppas equation with n value indicating non-Fickian diffusion. The release profiles were analyzed using statistical method (one-way ANOVA) and f₂ metric values and found to be similar to the commercial product Bricanyl^®. Reproducible data were obtained when scale-up of the formulation was performed.     

复方白及乳膏中尿素的体外释放度考察

目的：考察复方白及乳膏中尿素的体外释放度,为合理用药提供依据。方法：采用透析袋法研究复方白及乳膏中尿素的体外释药特性,以生理盐水为释放介质,对二甲基苯甲醛试液为染色剂,分光光度法测定含量。结果：2 h内尿素累积释放度为86.0%,为速释期;48 h内累积释放度为99.0%。结论：复方白及乳膏中的尿素具有速释特性,药物释放后易被皮肤迅速吸收,2～3 h可用药一次。透析袋法考察复方白及乳膏中尿素的体外释放度,操作便利、方法稳定、结果重复性好。     

Development of sustained release antipsychotic tablets using novel polysaccharide isolated from Delonix regia seeds and its pharmacokinetic studies

A natural polysaccharide was isolated from the seeds of Delonix regia. The isolated polysaccharide could maintain aqueous equilibrium between the dosage form and the surrounding medium due to its massive competence of water absorption (80.72%) and swelling index (266.7%). The Scanning Electron Micrograph of a polysaccharide exhibits rough surface with pores and crevices, hence, the drug release will be retarded because of the drug particles entrapment in the pores and crevices. Further, the surface tension of polysaccharide is higher than that of water, which may facilitate sustained release of drugs from dosage forms. An antipsychotic drug, quetiapine fumarate has a short half-life of 6 h and administered multiple times per day. Hence the quetiapine fumarate oral sustained release tablets were formulated using this polysaccharide in the concentration of 5–30% to avoid the side effects and increase patient compliance. Dissolution of the developed tablets with 25% polysaccharide content showed a better release profile than the other batches (5–20%) at the end of 12 h. The strong matrix complex has low solubility in water, it does not dissolve rapidly and the drug continues to diffuse through the gel layer at a consistent rate. Drug release from the matrix tablets follows matrix type except F-4 and F-5 which follow first order and Hix.crow type. The bioavailability study was carried out using healthy male New Zealand white rabbits that show the AUC_(0–inf) value for developed SR tablets is 1.44 times higher than the reference thus, indicating more efficient and sustained drug delivery capable of maintaining plasma drug levels better.     

某黄原胶建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、评价和分析某公司年产2万t黄原胶建设项目可能产生或存在的职业病危害因素。方法综合运用检查表法、类比调查等对该建设项目进行职业病危害评价和分析。结果类比企业粉尘检测的9个点中有1个点超标,合格率为88.9%;噪声检测的22个点中有2个点超标,合格率为90.9%;本项目可能产生的职业病危害因素有氢氧化钠、盐酸,各监测点均未超标。该建设项目的选址和总体布局、生产设备布局、拟采取的职业病危害防护措施设计、辅助用室的卫生设施配置等均符合国家卫生标准。结论该建设项目拟采取的职业病危害防护设施基本符合国家标准要求。从职业卫生角度分析,该建设项目是可行的。     

Locust bean gum safety in neonates and young infants: An integrated review of the toxicological database and clinical evidence

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan polysaccharide used as thickener in infant formulas with the therapeutic aim to treat uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Since its use in young infants below 12 weeks of age is not explicitly covered by the current scientific concept of the derivation of health based guidance values, the present integrated safety review aimed to compile all the relevant preclinical toxicological studies and to combine them with substantial evidence gathered from the clinical paediatric use as part of the weight of evidence supporting the safety in young infants below 12 weeks of age. LBG was demonstrated to have very low toxicity in preclinical studies mainly resulting from its indigestible nature leading to negligible systemic bioavailability and only possibly influencing tolerance. A standard therapeutic level of 0.5 g/100 mL in thickened infant formula is shown to confer a sufficiently protective Margin of Safety. LBG was not associated with any adverse toxic or nutritional effects in healthy term infants, while there are limited case-reports of possible adverse effects in preterms receiving the thickener inappropriately. Altogether, it can be concluded that LBG is safe for its intended therapeutic use in term-born infants to treat uncomplicated regurgitation from birth onwards.