某三级甲等医院骨科抗菌药物使用强度的制定

目的:制定福建省某三级甲等医院骨科抗菌药物使用强度,以期为某院骨科抗菌药物的合理应用和科学管理提供参考依据。方法:借助Medline、Embase、PubMed、The Cochrane Library、CNKI、VIP、WanFang Data数据库,检索抗菌药物相关的指南、专家共识、随机对照试验或Meta分析、抗菌药物法规文件,结合某院骨科疾病分布特点,制定某院骨科抗菌药物临床应用规范,以此为理论依据,制定某院骨科抗菌药物使用强度的理论值,并结合患者的病理生理特点、临床表现、检验检查指标等具体情况,对理论值进行校正,最终制定某院骨科抗菌药物使用强度。结果:按照证据等级最终纳入研究24篇,骨科抗菌药物使用强度的实际值与理论值分别为每百人天85.43 DDDs、每百人天11.03~31.17 DDDs,经校正后某院骨科抗菌药物使用强度为每百人天30.45 DDDs,与实际值比较,具有统计学差异(Z=－2.137,P<0.001)。结论:某院骨科抗菌药物的临床应用存在诸多不合理之处,需从医院、临床医生、药学部门三个层面制定合理的抗菌药物管理策略,进一步提高某院抗菌药物临床应用的合理化水平。     

Horseshoe tract of anal fistula: bad luck or an avoidable extension? Lessons from 82 cases

Aim The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of horseshoe tract formation in anal fistula. Method We retrospectively analysed the data from all consecutive patients who underwent surgery for an anal fistula from November 2004 to March 2011. A horseshoe tract was defined as a circumferential extension connecting both sides of the anorectum. Results During the period of analysis, 1876 patients were operated on for a fistula. Of these, 82 (4.4%) had a horseshoe extension. The majority (72%) were male and the median age was 46 (17–84) years. The primary tract was high transsphincteric in 90% of cases and the primary opening was posterior in 65% of cases. The location of the horseshoe extension was posterior in 66% of cases with spread in the deep perianal space in 62%. In all, 71% were cryptoglandular and 24% were seen in Crohn’s disease (20). Of the 62 non‐Crohn’s patients previous treatment was common and included surgery (42), antibiotics alone (41) and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (21). Conclusion Horseshoe extension in anal fistula is uncommon. With Crohn’s disease excepted, the majority had had previous treatment.     

2008—2017年脑脊液病原菌分布和药物敏感性分析

目的：统计分析2008—2017年南京医科大学第一附属医院临床送检脑脊液培养标本中主要病原菌分布及药物敏感性情况。方法：细菌鉴定、药物敏感试验和真菌鉴定采用 VITEK?2 Compact 全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统,链球菌药敏为纸片扩散法（K?B 法）,真菌药敏试验采用 ATB FUNGUS 3 方法,WHONET 5.6 软件进行统计分析。结果：2008—2017年南京医科大学第一附属医院脑脊液标本培养阳性率为6.0%,前5位的病原菌分别是鲍曼不动杆菌（35.8%）,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11.3%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（9.3%）,铜绿假单胞菌（5.8%）,大肠埃希菌（5.1%）和新型隐球菌（5.1%）。鲍曼不动杆菌对常见抗菌药物敏感性均较低,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最敏感（>55.0%）,铜绿假单胞菌对除氨曲南之外的抗菌药物均有较好的敏感性（>46.7%）,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁敏感性较好,新型隐球菌对常见抗真菌药物均有较好的敏感性（>90.0%）。结论：2008—2017年脑脊液标本中,革兰阴性杆菌在中枢神经系统感染中占重要地位,应重点防范多重耐药菌的感染,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌。统计并分析脑脊液常见病原菌和药物敏感性可为本地区临床医生合理用药提供理论依据。     

定制化敏感抗生素骨水泥螺钉治疗踝关节术后感染的临床研究

目的 评估定制化敏感抗生素骨水泥螺钉治疗踝关节术后感染的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2022年7月收治的22例踝关节术后感染病人的临床资料,其中男12例,女10例;年龄为（39.27±5.78）岁（31~52岁）。按内固定方式不同分为两组。观察组10例,采用定制化敏感抗生素骨水泥螺钉内固定;对照组12例,采用钛质克氏针和/或外固定架固定。记录两组病人伤口愈合等级、感染复发率、感染指标［降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）、白细胞计数（white blood cell count,WBC）、红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR）、C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）］、影像学特征等内容。结果 观察组伤口均甲级愈合,感染复发率为0,优于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组间的总体PCT、WBC、ESR、CRP比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但对照组术后6个月的PCT、WBC和CRP均高于观察组（P＜0.05）。术后6个月观察组的踝关节融合率为50.00%（5/10）,优于对照组的16.67%（2/12）（P＜0.05）。两组间在滑膜增厚、关节积液及软组织肿胀方面比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但观察组在骨髓水肿、钉道增宽水肿方面优于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组未出现内固定松动、断裂现象,而对照组虽未出现内固定断裂病例,但6例出现克氏针松动,两组间的内固定物松动率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 踝关节术后感染采用定制化敏感抗生素骨水泥螺钉内固定,既可增强局部抗感染能力,减少感染复发率,还可提高术后关节稳定性,减少二次融合手术率,可能是一种值得推荐的方法。     

鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度相关性分析

目的对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变化与抗菌药物使用强度进行相关性分析,为探讨导致鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率变化的抗菌药物因素提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析解放军251医院2009--2012年含酶抑制剂的β内酰胺类抗菌药物复合制剂及碳青霉烯类抗菌药物使用强度和同期鲍曼不动杆菌对其耐药率,用SPSS软件分析两者的相关性。结果4年中鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠、亚胺培南一西司他丁钠、美洛培南耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度呈正相关,头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦．耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度无相关性。结论合理控制哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、亚胺培南一西司他丁钠、美洛培南的用药强度可使鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率减缓或下降。     

抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿疗效分析

目的：探讨抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效。方法选取2012年8月～2014年8月治疗的54例慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各26例,均进行吸氧、支气管扩张、祛痰和抗生素等基础治疗,观察组在基础治疗方式上采用泼尼松进行治疗。结果治疗后,观察组的总有效率（80．43％）明显高于对照组（93．48％）,观察组病人不良反应发生率（6．52％）明显低于对照组（13．04％）,（P＜0．05）。结论抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿,疗效显著,安全性高。     

A prospective randomized study of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for infective complications, but many surgeons still use prophylactic antibiotics. The use of prophylactic antibiotics for LC is inconsistent and varies widely among surgeons. Methods: We performed a prospective double-blind randomized study of prophylactic antibiotics in elective LC. Antibiotics were was given first before the operation and then again 24 h afterward. Group A (n = 49) received 2 g of cefotaxime; group B (n = 43) received 10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. A sample of bile was withdrawn by direct gallbladder puncture for anaerobic and aerobic cultures. Age, sex, weight, duration of surgery (DOS), presence of diabetes mellitus, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, gallbladder rupture, bile and/or stone spillage, gallbladder histological findings, findings from bile cultures positive for bacteria, episodes of colic within 30 days before surgery, length of stay (LOS), and number of septic complications were recorded for both groups. Results: There was no differences between the two groups in terms of sex, weight, DOS, ASA score, gallbladder rupture, bile and/or stone spillage, gallbladder histological findings, findings from bile cultures positive for bacteria, or LOS. One infection occurred in the antibiotic prophylaxis group (2.04%); in the patients not receiving antibiotics, there was one other infection (2.32%). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in infective complications. Conclusion: In patients undergoing elective LC, antibiotic prophylaxis is justified only in high-risk patients. In all other patients, antibiotic prophylaxis does not seem to affect the incidence of postoperative infective complications. In low-risk patients, eliminating the unnecessary use of prophylactic antibiotics would result in a cost reduction; moreover, it would lower the risk of adverse reaction and reduce microbial resistance. Presented at the combined meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and the 8th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery, New York, NY, USA, 13–16 March 2002     

抗生素联合妇科千金片治疗子宫内膜炎疗效分析

目的:探讨抗生素联合妇科千金片治疗子宫内膜炎临床疗效。方法:子宫内膜炎160例按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各80例。对照组口服抗生素和人工周期雌孕激素,同时配合阴道内冲洗等传统治疗;观察组在对照组基础上口服妇科千金片。观察2组患者的临床症状和体征改善情况,治疗结束后B超检查子宫内膜厚度及炎症消失情况。结果:观察组月经量及月经周期的改善情况均好于对照组(PPPPPP结论:抗生素联合妇科千金片治疗子宫内膜炎可有效改善患者的临床症状、体征,促进子宫内膜修复,有效率高。     

桂枝茯苓胶囊联合抗生素对慢性盆腔炎患者超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-2及复发率的影响

目的:观察用桂枝茯苓胶囊联合抗生素治疗慢性盆腔炎患者的临床效果,并探讨其对患者超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-2及复发率的影响。方法:选择2012年6月~2014年2月就诊于我院的118例慢性盆腔炎患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组患者各59例。对照组患者给予静脉滴注甲硝唑及青霉素常规西医抗生素治疗,1次/d;观察组患者则在对照组抗生素治疗的基础上给予桂枝茯苓胶囊内服治疗,3粒/次,3次/d,1w为1个疗程,连续治疗3个疗程。治疗后观察患者下腹部坠胀、疼痛、腰骶部酸痛等症状的缓解情况,统计临床治疗的有效率;治疗前后对患者的痛感采用疼痛视觉模拟评分VAS进行评价,观察痛感的缓解情况;检测2组患者炎性细胞指标C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的变化情况;治疗后随访半年,统计患者复发率。结果:经治疗后2组患者下腹部坠胀、疼痛、腰骶部酸痛等临床症状均得到缓解,以观察组缓解程度更为明显,观察组的有效率91.5%明显高于对照组的有效率76.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者经治疗后痛感有所缓解,VAS疼痛评分较治疗前有所降低,以观察组的降低幅度尤为突出,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者经治疗后炎性细胞指标CRP、IL-2、TNF-α均有所改善,以观察组的变化程度尤为明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随访半年后,对照组患者的复发率23.7%明显高于观察组患者的复发率8.5%,差异性显著(P0.05)。结论:桂枝茯苓胶囊联合抗生素能有效缓解慢性盆腔炎患者的痛感,降低患者的炎性细胞水平,有良好的抗炎作用,疗效确切,是中西医结合论治妇科病的有效方式,值得临床广泛推广运用。     

A randomized controlled trial of topical exit site mupirocin application in patients with tunnelled, cuffed haemodialysis catheters.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters are frequently needed for the provision of haemodialysis, but their clinical usefulness is severely limited by infectious complications. The risk of such infections can be reduced by topical application of mupirocin to the exit sites of non-cuffed catheters or by the use of tunnelled, cuffed catheters. Whether mupirocin offers any additional protection against infection in patients with tunnelled, cuffed haemodialysis catheters has not been studied. METHODS: An open-label, randomized controlled trial was performed comparing the effect of thrice-weekly exit site application of mupirocin (mupirocin group) vs no ointment (control group) on infection rates and catheter survival in patients receiving haemodialysis via a newly inserted, tunnelled, cuffed central venous catheter. All patients were followed until catheter removal and were monitored for the development of exit site infections and catheter-associated bacteraemias. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Both the mupirocin (n=27) and control (n=23) groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics, comorbid illnesses and causes of renal failure. Compared with controls, mupirocin-treated patients experienced significantly fewer catheter-related bacteraemias (7 vs 35%, P<0.01) and a longer time to first bacteraemia (log rank score 8.68, P<0.01). The beneficial effect of mupirocin was entirely attributable to a reduction in staphylococcal infection (log rank 10.69, P=0.001) and was still observed when only patients without prior nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage were included in the analysis (log rank score 6.33, P=0.01). Median catheter survival was also significantly longer in the mupirocin group (108 vs 31 days, log rank score 5.9, P<0.05). Mupirocin use was not associated with any adverse patient effects or the induction of antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Thrice-weekly application of mupirocin to tunnelled, cuffed haemodialysis catheter exit sites is associated with a marked reduction in line-related sepsis and a prolongation of catheter survival.