药品冷冻干燥过程中的玻璃化作用

叙述了玻璃化药品的特点、玻璃化转变温度以及实现药品玻璃化的方法;分析了玻璃化对冷冻干燥过程中药品质量及稳定性的影响。     

红细胞冻干保存前对海藻糖的负载

目的探寻红细胞负载海藻糖的有效方法,评价负载海藻糖对红细胞各项理化指标的影响。方法设实验组(负载海藻糖红细胞)和对照组(未负载海藻糖红细胞),使用硫酸-蒽酮法测定胞内海藻糖含量,检测负载后红细胞各项理化指标,通过流式细胞术检测负载后红细胞膜的完整性。结果在37℃条件下,红细胞对海藻糖的摄取随胞外海藻糖浓度的增加而增多,当海藻糖浓度为800mmol/L,水浴7h,红细胞负载海藻糖可达到有效浓度;且2组红细胞各项理化指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);流式结果显示红细胞在高渗环境中负载海藻糖后,细胞膜结合很少量Annexin-V-FITC,并且破损细胞能被有效清除。结论红细胞37℃孵育7h,胞外海藻糖浓度为800mmol/L,能有效摄取海藻糖,且保持红细胞的理化稳定性和膜结构完整性。     

Temperature Measurement by Sublimation Rate as a Process Analytical Technology Tool in Lyophilization

Product temperature (T_b) and drying time constitute critical material attributes and process parameters in the lyophilization process and especially during the primary drying stage. In the study, we performed a temperature measurement by the sublimation rate (TMbySR) to monitor the T_b value and determine the end point of primary drying. First, the water vapor transfer resistance coefficient through the main pipe from the chamber to the condenser (C_r) was estimated via the water sublimation test. The use of C_r value made it possible to obtain the time course of T_b from the measurement of pressure at the drying chamber and at the condenser. Second, a Flomoxef sodium bulk solution was lyophilized by using the TMbySR system. The outcome was satisfactory when compared with that obtained via conventional sensors. The same was applicable for the determination of the end point of primary drying. A laboratory-scale application of the TMbySR system was evidenced via the experiment using 220-, 440-, and 660-vial scales of lyophilization. The outcome was not dependent on the loading amount. Thus, the results confirmed that the TMbySR system is a promising tool in laboratory scale.     

Doxycycline hydrochloride-metronidazole solid lipid microparticles gels for treatment of periodontitis: development,in-vitro and in-vivo clinical evaluation

Objective: To formulate solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) encapsulating doxycycline hydrochloride (DH) and metronidazole (MT) for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Methods: SLMs were prepared applying hot homogenization method, using different types of lipids and stabilized with various types and concentrations of surfactants. The optimized formula was subjected to freeze-drying followed by incorporation into poloxamer gel. Microbiological and clinical evaluation of the selected SLMs on patients suffering from periodontal diseases was performed.

Results: SLMs could entrap high percentage of both drugs (81.14% and 68.75 % for doxycycline hydrochloride and metronidazole respectively). Transmission electron microscopy images of SLMs showed nearly spherical particles. Freeze-dried SLMs showed satisfactory stability for three months. Combined drugs were molecularly dispersed in SLMs. Incorporation of the freeze-dried SLMs powder in poloxamer gel could control the drugs release for 72 h. In-vivo study revealed effective and safe use of SLMs gel for periodontitis treatment. Significant improvement in both microbiological and clinical parameters was observed as compared to scaling and root planing alone.

Conclusion: The formulated SLMs gel offers an applicable dosage form that can be injected directly into the periodontal pocket as adjunctive to scaling and root planing.     

Freeze-Drying From Organic Cosolvent Systems,Part 1: Thermal Analysis of Cosolvent-Based Placebo Formulations in the Frozen State

The use of cosolvent systems has been demonstrated to shorten lengthy freeze-drying processes and improve the solubility and stability of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of 2 thermal characterization techniques, differential scanning calorimetry and freeze-dry microscopy, and to identify an optimal cosolvent system. Binary mixtures of a cosolvent (tert-butanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, acetone, or ethanol) and water were investigated. Ternary mixtures of frequently used excipients (50 mg/g mannitol, sucrose, glycine, or polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP]) and a solvent-water system were then analyzed for their thermal properties. PVP presented a particularly high glass transition temperature (T_g′) in 70% tert-butanol at ?17.9°C. Large needle-shaped crystals that have been shown to be associated with improved processability were observed with mannitol and PVP in 40% 1,4-dioxane. A heterogeneous sublimation rate of the solvent and water whose impact on product stability remained unclear was observed with PVP in 40% 1,4-dioxane. Freeze-dry microscopy analysis demonstrated a possible extension of the process time for PVP in 99% dimethyl sulfoxide due to a slowly moving sublimation front. Conceivable negative consequences and the need for special treatment for low-melting cosolvents, such as ethanol and acetone, were predicted and discussed.     

Factors Influencing the Retention of Organic Solvents in Products Freeze-Dried From Co-Solvent Systems

Controlling residual solvent levels is a major concern in pharmaceutical freeze-drying from co-solvent systems. This review provides an overview of the factors influencing this process and estimates their potential to reduce residual solvents in freeze-dried products. Decreased solvent contents are potentially correlated with the lower solid content, complete excipient crystallization, higher water solubility, and smaller molecular sizes of the solvent. Although no general rule can be derived for the selection of appropriate freezing conditions, the freezing stage appears to play a major role in subsequent volatile retention. In contrast, diverse secondary drying conditions do not appear to impact the amount of solvent retained in lyophilisates, and modification of this stage is thus not assumed to be expedient. Co-solvents are strongly entrapped in an amorphous product matrix as soon as the local moisture content decreases below a certain level. Thus, the moisture content in the dried product layer adjacent to the sublimation interface might be a key factor. Therefore, extension of the high moisture content period during the primary drying phase as well as a postlyophilization humidification of the dried products are presumably promising approaches to promote solvent release.     

注射用米铂制剂配方与冻干工艺研究

目的 研究注射用米铂的配方及冻干生产工艺。方法 通过冻干溶剂的选择、原料溶解度试验、处方筛选、预冻工艺研究等确定注射用米铂配方和冻干工艺参数的控制范围。结果 确定冻干溶剂采用叔丁醇和环己烷的混合溶剂,环己烷最佳比例范围为10%~30%,药物浓度最佳范围为5~25 mg·mL^-1,确定冻干工艺采用阶段性预冻方式。结论 选定的配方和工艺可行,自研制剂与参比制剂质量等同,节约了工艺生产成本。     

不同冻干保护剂对利巴韦林冻干粉针的影响研究

目的研究Emprove低内毒素蔗糖、无水乳糖、Emprove低内毒素葡萄糖、Emprove低内毒素甘露醇、Emprove低内毒素山梨醇、Emprove低内毒素氯化钾、Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸7种不同类型常用冻干保护剂对利巴韦林冻干粉针性能的影响。方法以外观和复溶效果为指标,考察了预冻时间、冻干保护剂用量、冻干时间的影响。测定了空白粉针剂和利巴韦林粉针剂冻干后含水量、p H值和利巴韦林质量分数。结果以无水乳糖为冻干保护剂,预冻时间6 h,冻干时间9 h,保护剂用量4%;以Emprove低内毒素氯化钾为冻干保护剂,预冻时间9 h,冻干时间9 h,保护剂用量4%;以Emprove低内毒素甘露醇为冻干保护剂,预冻时间6 h,冻干时间6 h,保护剂用量4%;以Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸为冻干保护剂,预冻时间12 h,冻干时间9 h,保护剂用量4%。所得冻干粉针外观饱满、平整,迅速、完全复溶。结论无水乳糖、Emprove低内毒素氯化钾、Emprove低内毒素甘露醇、Emprove低内毒素甘氨酸4种冻干保护剂更适合制备利巴韦林冻干粉针,可为水溶性药物冻干粉针剂的制备提供了参考。     

Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化地龙活性组分的冻干工艺

目的优选地龙活性组分的冻干工艺。方法采用单因素试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法,以冻干率为指标,考察1次升华温度、升华时间、解析干燥温度、解析干燥时间等因素对冻干工艺的影响,优化地龙活性组分的冻干工艺,采用HPLC法,测定优化后工艺样品的指纹图谱,并比较其与地龙药材指纹图谱相似度,确定最佳冻干工艺。结果确定地龙活性组分的最佳冻干工艺条件:预冻温度-26.5℃,预冻4 h,升华干燥温度-20℃、升华时间7 h、解析干燥温度30℃、解析干燥时间3.5 h,冻干率为96.55%,与对照药材的氨基酸指纹图谱相似度均大于0.9。结论 Box-Behnken响应面法用于地龙活性组分冻干工艺条件的优选是可行的,模型预测效果较好,优化工艺具备可行性。