中老年急性肺血栓栓塞症的诊治分析

目的探讨1996～2010年江苏省人民医院确诊为急性肺血栓栓塞症（APTE）中老年病例的危险因素、易患因素以及诊断和治疗方法的变迁。方法对我院1996～2010年间280例确诊为APTE的中老年病例的发病特点、诊治及其转归进行临床回顾性评估分析。结果 APTE好发年龄为50～80岁,占发病的77.5%,以冬春季节为多。APTE临床表现仍以胸闷气急、呼吸困难为主要临床表现,占60.7%。D二聚体〉0.5μg/L占88.5%,仍是高敏感性检查指标。结论 APTE发病与易发因素有关,对其认识加深,重视高敏感性检查指标的筛选,结合快速有效的影像学检查,可提高APTE的诊断率。     

An 89-year-old patient with acquired murmur associated with pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common cause of death in hospitalized patients. Diagnosis is often missed because of a non-homogeneous clinical picture. We present a case of an 89-year-old patient with an acquired murmur associated with pulmonary embolism. When examined by a family physician the patient had no symptoms typical for PE. During hospitalization, dyspnoea was exacerbated; a non-productive cough, chest pain and oliguria were observed. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed, but because of the renal failure diagnosis was not confirmed by angio-CT.     

Postmortem computed tomography evaluation of fatal gas embolism due to connection of an intravenous cannula to an oxygen supply

An 84-year-old man who had suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease accompanied by moderate pneumonia as well as gastric cancer with liver metastasis was found dead by a nurse, who noticed that the patient’s intravenous catheter in the left forearm had been erroneously connected to an oxygen supply in his hospital room, leading to infusion of oxygen into a vein. Postmortem CT scanning demonstrated multiple accumulations of gas in the pulmonary artery, the right atrium and ventricle, as well as the left subclavian and brachiocephalic veins, corresponding to the route that the infused gas would have taken to the heart and pulmonary artery. Conventional autopsy revealed the presence of gas in the right ventricle. These findings suggested that the immediate cause of death was a gas embolus due to oxygen that had entered the cardiopulmonary circulation via the intravenous catheter. This case highlights the usefulness of postmortem imaging as an aid to conventional autopsy for demonstrating gas embolism.     

微创心脏手术中排气研究

目的探讨微创心脏手术中的排气技术，并评价排气效果。方法选取复旦大学附属中山医院2011年6月至2013年6月收治的56例行微创心脏手术患者为微创组，男31例、女25例，年龄33～7l（57-3±7．2）岁；同期56例行常规胸骨正中切口心脏二尖瓣成形术患者为对照组，男27例、女29例，年龄51～69（53．7±6,8）岁。比较两组患者术后心腔内残留气泡量、心电图异常发生率、术后清醒时间、术后思维能力及脑部并发症发生率等指标。结果微创组心腔内残留气泡量少量占69．6％、中量占30．4％，对照组少量占73．2％、中量占26．8％，两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。微创组心电图异常发生率与对照组差异无统计学意义（32．1％VS．26．8％，P〉0．05）。微创组术后思维能力评价好85．7％、中12．5％、差1．8％，对照组好78．6％、中19．6％、差1．8％，两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组脑部并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（1．8％vs．1．8％，P〉0．05）。结论采取一系列心脏排气措施可使微创心脏手术的空气栓塞发生率与胸骨正中切口手术相似，在空气栓塞并发症方面无需承担更高的风险。     

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Pulmonary Embolism: The State of Practice

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major public health problem. It is the third most common cause of death in hospitalized patients. In the United States, there are up to 600,000 cases diagnosed per year with 100,000-180,000 acute PE-related deaths. Common risk factors include underlying genetic conditions, acquired conditions, and acquired hypercoagulable states. Acute PE increases the pulmonary vascular resistance and the load on the right ventricle (RV). Increased RV loading causes compensatory RV dilation, impaired contractility, tachycardia, and sympathetic activation. RV dilation and increased intramural pressure decrease diastolic coronary blood flow, leading to RV ischemia and myocardial necrosis. Ultimately, insufficient cardiac output from the RV causes left ventricular under-filling which results in systemic hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. Current prognostic stratification strategy separates acute PE into massive, submassive, and low-risk by presence or absence of sustained hypotension, RV dysfunction, and myocardial necrosis. Massive, submassive, and low-risk acute PE have mortality rates of 25%-65%, 3%, and <1%, respectively. Current PE management includes the use of anticoagulation alone, systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and surgical embolectomy. This article will describe the current state of practice for catheter-directed thrombolysis and its role in the management of acute PE.     

A rare cause of retinal artery embolism: Accessory mitral valve tissue

A 42‐year‐old female patient was referred our clinic for investigation of a history of acute retinal artery occlusion. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a cyst‐like, mobile formation on posterior mitral valve leaflet. 2D and real time 3D transesophageal echocardiography showed a flexible circular mobile structure which was attached to posterior mitral valve leaflet. Echocardiographic appearance and morphological characteristics were suggestive of accessory mitral valve tissue.