老年性痴呆患者的听觉损害

目的　确定老年性痴呆患者 (seniledementiaoftheAlzheimer′sdisease ,AD)有无周围性听功能障碍及其与认知障碍的关系。方法　利用纯音测听、言语识别率、声导抗、听觉脑干反应检测AD患者 43例 ,健康老年人 50例 ,评定受试者测听可信度 ,统计测试结果 ,并将上述结果同受试者简易精神状态量表 (mini mentalscaleofequastionnaire ,MMSE)得分进行对照分析 ,寻找二者之间的关系。结果　受试者两耳间周围听力差异无显著性 ,以右耳听力结果 ( x±s)进行统计。AD组纯音听阈为 (2 6 3± 8 5)dBHL和 (2 9 1± 8 7)dBHL ,言语识别率为 (85 5± 5 5) % ;对照组纯音听阈为 (2 3 2± 1 0 6)dBHL和 (2 6 2± 1 1 8)dBHL ,言语识别率为 (87 6± 6 8) %。虽然AD组周围听功能检查结果低于对照组 ,但无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5)。测听可信度、声导抗和ABR阈值两组间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。结论　老年性痴呆患者纯音听阈和言语识别率与老年聋相似 ,其周围听功能障碍与MMSE认知量表得分无关。     

舌诊指导临床辨证论治初探

望舌能够测知体质禀赋强弱；察舌能够准确地进行临床辨证；舌诊可帮助鉴别诊断；望舌能够预测疾病的进退预后；舌诊还能够指导临床定治则、遣方药。如能将舌诊和其他诊法有机地结合起来，将进一步提高临床诊断准确率和治愈好转率。     

三种佛手不同提取部位的薄层色谱分析

目的 探讨不同佛手品种的鉴别方法。方法 对3种不同产地佛手醇提取物的石油醚与醋酸乙酯提取部位进行了薄层色谱分析。结果 研究表明，在石油醚．醋酸乙酯（90：10）展开系统中，3种佛手石油醚提取部位的薄层色谱所显示的斑点不相一致，其化学组成差异较大，而醋酸乙酯提取部位在石油醚-醋酸乙酯（85：15）系统的薄层荧光图谱，也显示了三种佛手不同的化学成分。结论 两种提取部位的薄层色谱实验均提示了三种不同产地佛手显著的种间差异性。     

Multiple representations of information in the primary auditory cortex of cats. II. Stability and change in early (<32 ms), rapid components of activity after conditioning with a click conditioned stimulus

Activity was recorded from single units of the A(I) cortex of awake animals to identify early (<32 ms) components of the population response to a 70 dB click and establish if they changed after using the click as a CS for conditioning. A 70 dB hiss was used as a discriminative stimulus. Responses to these stimuli were compared before and after a forward order of pairing that produced conditioning and a backward order of pairing that produced weak sensitization (backward conditioning). Averages of discharges in 2 and 4 ms bins distinguished primary (8-12 ms) from secondary (12-16 ms) temporal components of response to the click, and confirmed that the onset of the response was shorter in A(I) (8 ms, mean of 647 units) than in the adjacent, A(II) cortex (16 ms, mean of 95 units). (All times include a 1.6 ms transmission delay in sound arrival.) Primary and secondary components of A(I) responses to click did not change uniformly after changes in behavioral state, and were affected differently by both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentage of cells with onsets of response to the click at secondary latencies (and to the hiss at tertiary latencies) increased after backward conditioning but not after conditioning, as did the magnitude of activity in response to the click. (The latter had a lesser degree of increase after conditioning.) The primary response to the click did not show these increases. The non-uniform changes suggested that temporal processing of the click was conducted differently in the 8-12 ms post stimulus period than in the 12-16 ms period. Within the total population of cells, it was possible to identify a small subgroup (13%) of highly auditory-responsive units that showed an increased primary response to the click as a CS selectively after conditioning and not after backward conditioning. The secondary component of response in these cells increased after both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentages of cells responding to the click and hiss at primary latencies did not change significantly after conditioning, even in the subgroup of highly responsive cells. The results characterize differently timed components of rapid responses to acoustic stimuli in the A(I) cortex, disclose significant temporal differences in primary, secondary and tertiary information processing that affect the representations of the transmitted acoustic message across different behavioral states, and find one representation in a small subgroup of cells that supports the hypothesis that cells of the A(I) cortex have a selectively potentiated response to the CS after conditioning.     

近周边视网膜区模糊认知感的研究

目的 :介绍作者所在的实验中心近年来对于黄斑区和近周边视网膜区 (≤ 8°)模糊认知感的研究结果。方法和结果 :先后介绍三个实验。实验一测量了近周边视网膜区的焦深 (即对视网膜离焦的主觉耐受程度 ) ,并将其与黄斑区的反应进行了比较。实验二测量了近周边视网膜区的模糊敏感阈值和模糊辨别阈值。上述两实验结果表明 ,人眼焦深在近周边视网膜区随其与黄斑的距离增大而逐渐升高 ,其值从黄斑区的 0 .89D增加到距黄斑 8度视角离心区的 3.51D。模糊敏感阈值 ,即导致初始模糊认知感的视网膜离焦度 ,也随其与黄斑的距离增大而逐渐升高 ;其值从黄斑区的 0 .85D增加到距黄斑 8度视角离心区的 1 .89D。模糊辨别阈值 ,即在初始模糊认知感的条件下觉察初始模糊程度改变的视网膜离焦度 ,同样亦随其与黄斑的距离增大而逐渐升高 ,其值从黄斑区的 0 .4 5D增加到距黄斑 8度视角离心区的 0 .93D。基于实验一 ,二的结果 ,作者设计了实验三 :通过测量视标大小对焦深的影响以研究近周边视网膜区和黄斑区对模糊认知感的综合效应。结果表明 ,人眼焦深在近周边视网膜区随着视标尺寸的增大而逐渐升高 ,且据其数据分析结果及回归方程斜率的个体差异性 ,可将总体实验对象区分为两个亚组 :即“黄斑主导型”和“黄斑 周边视网膜协     

Generalization testing with atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs in rats trained to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg clozapine from vehicle in a two‐choice drug discrimination task

Clozapine (CLZ) drug discrimination is used as a preclinical model to evaluate compounds for putative atypical antipsychotic properties. In rats, a 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose appears to have greater pharmacological specificity for atypical antipsychotic drugs than the traditional 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose; however, methodological differences among studies have precluded a direct comparison between these training doses. In the present study, rats were trained to discriminate a 5.0 mg/kg CLZ dose from vehicle in a two‐choice drug discrimination task using methods similar to those in a previous study from our laboratory that used a 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Clozapine produced full substitution (≥80% CLZ‐lever responding) for itself at the training dose (5.0 mg/kg). The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone also produced full substitution for 5.0 mg/kg CLZ, whereas the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and sertindole produced partial substitution (≥60% CLZ‐lever responding). The typical antipsychotic, thioridazine, produced full substitution for the 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose, but the typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol failed to substitute for clozapine. In a subgroup of 1.25 mg/kg CLZ‐trained rats, ziprasidone produced strong partial substitution (73.0 % CLZ‐lever responding) for the 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Based on these findings, some atypical antipsychotic drugs (i.e., quetiapine and ziprasidone) produce full substitution only for the 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose, whereas other atypical antipsychotic drugs (i.e., sertindole and risperidone) produce full substitution only for the 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Thus, both of these training doses are important for the screening of putative atypical antipsychotic drugs with the clozapine drug discrimination assay. Drug Dev. Res. 64:55–65, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

尼古丁对大鼠海洛因辨别刺激的替代效应

目的 在建立大鼠海洛因辨别刺激模型基础上,评估不同浓度的尼古丁对海洛因辨别刺激的替代作用.方法 采用固定比率食物强化方法训练雄性SD大鼠辨别0.3 mg/kg海洛因；之后,分别给予不同剂量的海洛因、尼古丁替代0.3 mg/kg海洛因,明确海洛因辨别效应曲线和尼古丁替代0.3 mg/kg海洛因的辨别效应.结果 0.3 mg/kg剂量的海洛因能形成稳定的大鼠药物辨别行为；不同剂量海洛因替代组(0.03,0.1,0.3,0.56 mg/kg)的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(33.9±15.0)％,(43.3±13.3)％,(98.7±0.5)％,(99.4±0.2)％,海洛因剂量在0～0.3mg/kg之间诱导的辨别效应呈剂量依赖性增加；0.03,0.1mg／kg尼古丁替代组的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(1.9±1.1)％,(13.7±5.6)％,与0.3mg/kg海洛因替代组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)；而0.3,0.5mg/kg尼古丁替代组的海洛因鼻触响应率分别为(60.4±16.1)％,(65.9±16.4)％,与0.3mg/kg海洛因替代组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 0.3,0.5 mg/kg尼古丁能产生部分类似海洛因的辨别刺激效应.     

A cochlear implant user with exceptional musical hearing ability

Abstract

Although the perception of music is generally poor in cochlear implant users, there are a few excellent performers. Objective: The aim of this study was the assessment of different aspects of music perception in one exceptional cochlear implant user. Design: The assessments included pitch direction discrimination, melody and timbre recognition, relative and absolute pitch judgment, and consonance rating of musical notes presented through the sound processor(s). Study sample: An adult cochlear implant user with musical background who lost her hearing postlingually, and five normally-hearing listeners with musical training participated in the study. Results: The CI user discriminated pitch direction for sounds differing by one semitone and recognized melody with nearly 100% accuracy. Her results in timbre recognition were better than average published data for cochlear implant users. Her consonance rating, and relative and absolute pitch perception were comparable to normally-hearing listeners with musical training. Conclusion: The results in this study showed that excellent performance is possible on musical perception tasks including pitch perception using present day cochlear implant technologies. Factors that may explain this user's exceptional performance are short duration of deafness, pre- and post-deafness musical training, and perfect pitch abilities before the onset of deafness.     

On the Diagnostic Relevance of Level Discrimination

In his letter to the editor ‘On the use of discrimination of level differences as a diagnostic test procedure as suggested by Fastl and Schorn [1981]’, Dr. Humes questions the diagnostic relevance of level discrimination. His main argument is the overlap of individual data in patients with cochlear versus retrocochlear disorders. We show that the test proposed can differentiate between these types of disorders for test frequencies in the mid-frequency range and suggest that this test be incorporated into the audiological test battery.

Pour répondre à la critique de Larry E. Humes, les auteurs ont precédé à une nouvelle analyse de leurs résultats. N'ayant obtenu que 5-15% de faux-positifs, ils confirment la validité de leur test, étant entendu qu'il convient de l'intégrer à une batterie de tests audiomé-triques.     

National trends in school victimization among Asian American adolescents

The “model minority” perception of Asian American students often ignores the academic and social challenges that many face in schools. One area that has received less attention is the school victimization experiences of Asian American adolescents. While some qualitative researchers have explored factors contributing to school victimization in recent years, missing in the literature is the scope of these incidents among Asian Americans. This paper contributes to this literature by (1) examining national trends in the victimization of Asian American adolescents in schools over the last decade and (2) investigating how victimization varies according to their gender, socioeconomic status, and achievement levels. The results show that although Asian American adolescents are consistently less likely to be bullied relative to other students, they are more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination. Victimization incidents for Asian Americans also differ by gender and academic achievement levels.