药材经济的发展现状与趋势探讨

传统的中药材为人们的疾病治疗做出了巨大的贡献。随着社会的发展,疾病谱的变化,人们健康意识的增强,中药材已经兼备了药物原料、治疗保健、药膳食材等多种用途。中药材的栽培种植、炮制加工、生产经营,已经成为了我国经济发展的一个特色产业。药材经济已成为了国民经济发展的重要组成部分。     

Clinical trials in children

Safety and efficacy data on many medicines used in children are surprisingly scarce. As a result children are sometimes given ineffective medicines or medicines with unknown harmful side effects. Better and more relevant clinical trials in children are needed to increase our knowledge of the effects of medicines and to prevent the delayed or non-use of beneficial therapies. Clinical trials provide reliable evidence of treatment effects by rigorous controlled testing of interventions on human subjects. Paediatric trials are more challenging to conduct than trials in adults because of the paucity of funding, uniqueness of children and particular ethical concerns. Although current regulations and initiatives are improving the scope, quantity and quality of trials in children, there are still deficiencies that need to be addressed to accelerate radically equitable access to evidence-based therapies in children.     

Intra-Ethnic Disparities in Respiratory Health Problems Among Hispanic Residents Impacted by a Flood

Objectives. The primary objective of this article is to assess the respiratory health impacts of a flood disaster on Hispanic people residing in the United States, with a focus on intra-ethnic disparities related to age, sex, socioeconomic status, mold exposure, family conflict, English-language proficiency, and a lack of US citizenship. Methods. Data were collected in 2010 after a flood disaster (2006) in El Paso County (Texas), which has a Hispanic majority population. A mail-out population-based survey was used retrospectively to assess respiratory health impacts for 363 people residing in 176 self-identified Hispanic households impacted by the flood; logistic regression was utilized to assess intra-ethnic health disparities in flood impacts. Results. About 41% of individuals experienced one or more post-flood respiratory health problem. Lower income (OR = 0.532,p = .002), mold exposure (OR = 2.267, p < .001), increased family conflict (OR = 1.452, p = .025), English-language proficiency (OR = 4.023, p < .001) and a lack of US citizenship (OR = 13.111, p = .013) were significantly associated with higher odds of respiratory health problems in the regression model. Conclusion. Statistical findings provide evidence of intra-ethnic disparities in post-flood respiratory health status. Specifically within this Hispanic sample, individuals with lower household incomes, whose homes were covered by larger surface areas of mold, and whose families were characterized by increased tension experienced higher odds of post-flood respiratory health problems. Interestingly, greater English-language proficiency and lacking US citizenship were also risk factors. Given that this is one of the first studies of intra-Hispanic disparities in health following a US-based disaster, the findings underscore the importance of considering diversity within the US Hispanic population when studying environmental and post-disaster respiratory health.     

Decreased Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity by Pretreatment With Hypoxia

The effect of 10% or 12% oxygen pretreatment on subsequent mortality as a result of breathing 100% oxygen was studied. Rats exposed to 100% oxygen without prior treatment died after 66 ± 7 hours. Those pretreated with compressed air for 120 hours died after 61 ± 10 hours of exposure to 100% oxygen. Those pretreated with 10% oxygen for 120 hours survived exposure to 100% oxygen for 336 hours (P < .01) and were killed. Six of 16 rats pretreated with 120 hours of 12% oxygen and ten were killed after surviving 336 hours of exposure to 100% oxygen. Pretreatment of rats with 10% or 12% oxygen for 120 hours has a significant effect on subsequent survival in an environment of 100% oxygen.     

New insights into root causes of pediatric accidental unsupervised ingestions of over-the-counter medications

Abstract

Context. Changes to regulations, packaging, and labeling and ongoing educational efforts are intended to support appropriate use of medicines. Yet annually poison centers receive > 500 000 reports of accidental or unsupervised exposure to medicines for children under 6 years of age. Objective. To identify root (i.e., fundamental and preventable) causes of accidental unsupervised ingestions (AUIs), we designed a questionnaire and conducted a follow-up survey of caregivers who contacted McNeil Consumer Healthcare (McNeil) following an AUI by a child under 12 years of age. Methods. Reports received between 1 October 2008 and 22 January 2009 were screened retrospectively for specific Medical Dictionary of Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Preferred Terms relating to AUIs. Using the questionnaire, we collected information about the child, caregiver, medicines involved in AUI, management of AUI, and storage location of medicines. Results. Two hundred twenty reports met inclusion criteria and attempts to contact these caregivers were made throughout a 2-week period in March 2009; caregivers completed the questionnaire for 45 reports. All AUIs occurred in children under 7 years and 56% were boys. In 56% of AUI cases, the child involved was the intended recipient of the medicine; in 71%, a pediatric medicine was involved. Most AUIs occurred in the child's home; most caregivers reported not observing the AUI. Sixty percent of caregivers reported that the medicine involved in AUI was not in the normal storage location when AUI occurred. Among children involved in AUIs, 84% did not experience any symptoms. Seven children experienced mild, self-limiting symptoms which resolved. AUIs often occurred < 24 h after last therapeutic use when the medicine was removed from its normal storage location. Conclusions. These new insights may help guide-targeted interventions and educational efforts to focus caregivers’ attention to reengaging childproofing mechanisms and returning medicines to a secure location, high and out of sight, immediately after use.     

Coping,functioning, and adjustment of rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing

Studies have not previously considered postdisaster adjustment in the context of psychiatric disorders. After the Oklahoma City bombing, a volunteer sample of 181 firefighters who served as rescue and recovery workers was assessed with a structured diagnostic interview. The firefighters had relatively low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and described little functional impairment, positive social adjustment, and high job satisfaction. PTSD was associated with reduced job satisfaction and functional impairment, providing diagnostic validity. Turning to social supports, seeking mental health treatment, and taking medication were not widely prevalent coping responses. Postdisaster alcohol use disorders and drinking to cope were significantly associated with indicators of poorer functioning. Surveillance for problem drinking after disaster exposure may identify useful directions for intervention.     

美军与FDA的特需药品协调政策解析及其对我军的启示

特需药品是军队执行军事行动以及其他国家安全行动中实施医学保障的重要物质基础之一,历来受到各个国家军队的重视.美军在长期的特需药品管理中,取得了许多宝贵的经验.本文通过整合分析美军与美国食品药物管理局(FDA)的特需药品协调政策,总结其取得的经验,发现其中存在的问题,并对我军与中国国家食品药品监督管理局(SFDA)的特需药品协调政策提出建议.