Exact penalty functions for optimal control problems I: Main theorem and free‐endpoint problems

In this two‐part study, we develop a general approach to the design and analysis of exact penalty functions for various optimal control problems, including problems with terminal and state constraints, problems involving differential inclusions, and optimal control problems for linear evolution equations. This approach allows one to simplify an optimal control problem by removing some (or all) constraints of this problem with the use of an exact penalty function, thus allowing one to reduce optimal control problems to equivalent variational problems and apply numerical methods for solving, eg, problems without state constraints, to problems including such constraints, etc. In the first part of our study, we strengthen some existing results on exact penalty functions for optimisation problems in infinite dimensional spaces and utilise them to study exact penalty functions for free‐endpoint optimal control problems, which reduce these problems to equivalent variational ones. We also prove several auxiliary results on integral functionals and Nemytskii operators that are helpful for verifying the assumptions under which the proposed penalty functions are exact.     

卵巢支持-间质细胞瘤6例临床病理分析

目的:探讨卵巢支持-间质细胞瘤（sertoli-leydig cell tumor,SLCT）的大体及显微镜下特点,免疫组化表达及临床特征,诊断、鉴别诊断要点及预后因素分析。方法:收集6例SLCTs标本观察大体及镜下特征,分析临床病理特点,行免疫组化方法检查及文献复习。结果:卵巢支持-间质细胞瘤罕见,可出现男性化或去女性化表现,5例发生于一侧卵巢,1例发生于双侧卵巢,2例远处转移,镜下Sertoli 细胞排列呈管状、条索状、岛状,细胞核圆形或卵圆形,胞质淡染或透明,Leydig细胞单个或成簇出现于间质内,核小,具有丰富的嗜酸性胞质。两种细胞逐渐过渡移行。随访10~96 个月,3例死亡,3例存活。免疫组化α-inhibin、CD99、CR、CD10、CyclinD1及β-catenin阳性。结论:SLCT形态复杂,诊断困难,预后与分化程度、临床分期有关。     

磁共振灌注成像在高级别脑胶质瘤与单发脑转移瘤鉴别诊断中的 价值

【摘要】目的:观察和分析磁共振灌注成像对高级别脑胶质瘤的诊断价值。方法:选取经病理证实的84例高级别脑胶质瘤 患者和60例单发脑转移瘤患者,采用磁共振动态增强灌注成像,测算肿瘤实质区与瘤周水肿区的相对脑血容量（rCBV） 值,并进行统计学分析。结果:高级别脑胶质瘤和单发脑转移瘤的时间-信号曲线不同。在肿瘤实质区,单发脑转移瘤的 rCBV值为4.03±0.79,低于高级别脑胶质瘤的5.48±1.32,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;瘤周水肿区,单发脑转移瘤的rCBV 值为0.74±0.35,低于高级别脑胶质瘤的1.48±0.26,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:磁共振动态增强灌注成像在鉴别 单发脑转移瘤和高级别脑胶质瘤中具有较高的临床价值。     

Electrochemical detection and quantification of Reactive Red 195 dyes on graphene modified glassy carbon electrode

Reactive Red 195 was detected from industrial waste samples electrochemically on graphene modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), using both bare and surface changed GCE at different pH media from 1.0 to 13.0. The optimum pH was determined to be 4.0. RR 195 exhibited good linear responds at pH 4.0 on both electrode surfaces. Other parameters, such as accumulation potential, accumulation time, initial scan potential, pulse height, pulse width, and potential scan increment and scan rate are optimized and calibration plot was also derived on different concentrations of the dye. The stripping voltammetric behavior of dye exhibits very low limit of detection on graphene coated electrode (30?ppb). The adsorption of compound on GCE and graphene coated GCE are confirmed using atomic force microscopy studies.     

Monitoring Electrical Biasing of Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 Ferroelectric Thin Films In Situ by DPC-STEM Imaging

Increased data storage densities are required for the next generation of nonvolatile random access memories and data storage devices based on ferroelectric materials. Yet, with intensified miniaturization, these devices face a loss of their ferroelectric properties. Therefore, a full microscopic understanding of the impact of the nanoscale defects on the ferroelectric switching dynamics is crucial. However, collecting real-time data at the atomic and nanoscale remains very challenging. In this work, we explore the ferroelectric response of a Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ thin film ferroelectric capacitor to electrical biasing in situ in the transmission electron microscope. Using a combination of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and differential phase contrast (DPC)-STEM imaging we unveil the structural and polarization state of the ferroelectric thin film, integrated into a capacitor architecture, before and during biasing. Thus, we can correlate real-time changes in the DPC signal with the presence of misfit dislocations and ferroelastic domains. A reduction in the domain wall velocity of 24% is measured in defective regions of the film when compared to predominantly defect-free regions.     

Persistent apical periodontitis associated with a calcifying odontogenic cyst

Aim  To report a case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) that was suggestive of apical periodontitis adjacent to the roots of the maxillary incisor teeth.
Summary  Tooth 21 presented with clinical and radiographic signs of secondary infection, a post within the root canal and substantial internal tooth destruction; it was scheduled for endodontic surgery. Teeth 12 and 22 were root filled following the placement of a calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing for 21 days. Three attempts at root canal disinfection in tooth 11 were unsuccessful, and a persistent purulent drainage precluded completion of root canal treatment. Surgical enucleation of the periapical lesion was undertaken and the tissues submitted for histopathological examination. A diagnosis of COC was established based on the microscopic analysis. COC is an unusual benign lesion that represents 2% of all odontogenic lesions. Depending on the stage of development, it can mimic a large lesion associated with apical periodontitis and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis. In the case of COC, the definitive diagnosis can only be made with histopathological analysis.
Key learning points  • Persistent apical periodontitis may be of nonendodontic origin.
• Histological examination is essential to establish the cause of persistent apical periodontitis.
• Calcifying odontogenic cyst can mimic apical periodontitis.     

10种食源性疾病病原体高通量LAMP分子鉴别检测体系的建立及应用

目的建立一种LAMP分子鉴别检测体系,应用于10种食源性疾病病原体的分子鉴别检测。方法针对8种细菌（沙门菌属、志贺菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、EHEC O157：H7、奇异变形杆菌、霍乱弧菌和单增李斯特菌）和2种病毒（Norwalk病毒和轮状病毒）分别建立LAMP和RT-LAMP方法,分别对25种常见肠道细菌和病毒进行LAMP扩增,水浴箱内65℃扩增60 min（LAMP）或120 min（RT-LAMP）,扩增完成后利用电泳和肉眼进行结果判断。对365份食源性疾病患者呕吐物、肛拭子和食品等标本进行10种食源性疾病病原体LAMP分子检测。结果 10种食源性疾病病原体LAMP或RT-LAMP方法均只对靶病原体出现阳性结果,电泳显示为LAMP特异性梯状条带,加SYBRGreen I后肉眼观察反应液变为绿色;8种细菌性病原体LAMP检测方法的敏感度为3×100~1.2×102cfu/ml,其中6种LAMP方法敏感度高于PCR方法,其他病原体（霍乱弧菌、EHEC O157：H7、Norwalk病毒和轮状病毒）敏感度与PCR方法相同。从365份标本中检出沙门菌属11份、志贺菌属6份、金黄色葡萄球菌13份、EHEC O157：H7 2份、副溶血性弧菌2份、单增李斯特菌2份、Norwalk病毒12份和轮状病毒7份。结论建立了一个较为完整的LAMP分子鉴别检测体系,可以在一台水浴箱内同时对10种食源性疾病病原体进行高通量的分子鉴别检测,具有快速、不需要特殊仪器和肉眼判断结果的优势,适合基层单位的实验室开展食源性疾病的分子鉴别诊断。