抗性淀粉测定方法的研究进展

系统而简要介绍了抗性淀粉测定方法的国内外研究现状与发展趋势,通过与回肠流出物中抗性淀粉的测定数据比较,选取最接近人体摄入情况的体外检测方法,对常见食物中的抗性淀粉进行定量,为研究人体抗性淀粉实际摄入状况提供非常重要的依据。     

The seasonal relationships between household dietary diversity and child growth in a rural Timor‐Leste community

Both child growth and dietary diversity are poor in rural Timor‐Leste. The rainy season is associated with food scarcity, yet the association between seasonal scarcity, food diversity, and child growth is underdocumented. This study assesses the relationship between household dietary diversity and children''s standardized growth across the 2018 food‐scarce (April–May; post‐rainy period) and post‐harvest (October) seasons in the agricultural community of Natarbora, on the south‐coastal plains of Timor‐Leste. We conducted household interviews and collected anthropometric data across 98 and 93 households in the post‐rainy and post‐harvest periods, respectively. Consumed household foods were obtained via 24‐h diet recalls and were subsequently categorized into a nine‐food‐group dietary diversity score (DDS; number of different food groups consumed). The DDS was related to children''s standardized short‐term growth (z‐weight, z‐body mass index [BMI] and percent change in weight over the harvest season) via linear mixed models. Across seasons, DDS increased from 3.9 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.0) to 4.3 (SD = 1.4; p < 0.05). In the post‐rainy season, children in high DDS households had higher z‐weight than those in low DDS households and higher z‐BMI than children in medium and low DDS households. In the post‐harvest period, household DDS did not predict children''s z‐weight but predicted z‐BMI. Consumption of protein‐rich foods, particularly animal‐source foods and legumes, in low‐ and medium‐DDS households may be associated with improved child growth. While consuming more animal‐source foods in the post‐rainy season would be ideal, promoting the consumption of locally grown legumes, such as beans and pulses, may facilitate better nutritional outcomes for more children in rural Timor‐Leste.     

Changes in the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in Singapore between 2010 and 2016

INTRODUCTIONFew studies have examined the changes in the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in recent years. The present study sought to examine whether the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in Singapore showed any changes between 2010 and 2016.METHODSWe extracted data from two repeated nationally representative cross-sectional surveys conducted among resident adults aged ≥ 18 years in Singapore. Significant changes were tested using pooled multinomial logistic regression analyses.RESULTSThe prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders increased significantly from 5.8% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016. Among those with physical disorders, there were significant increases over time in the prevalence of comorbid generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) (0.1% vs. 0.4%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (1.4% vs. 3.9%) in diabetes mellitus, and alcohol dependence in cardiovascular disorders (0.1% vs. 1.3%). Among those with mental disorders, there were significant increases over time in the prevalence of comorbid diabetes mellitus in OCD (4.1% vs. 10.9%), cancer in major depressive disorder (0.4% vs. 2.4%), and cardiovascular disorders in GAD (0.4% vs. 6.7%) and alcohol dependence (0.9% vs. 11.8%). Significant changes in the overall prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders were also observed across age group, education and employment status.CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders increased significantly over time. This finding supports the need for more appropriate clinical management with better integration between mental health and general medical care professionals across all aspects of the healthcare system to treat this comorbidity in Singapore.     

Dietary Patterns of 479 Indonesian Adults and Their Associations with Sodium and Potassium Intakes Estimated by Two 24-h Urine Collections

The excess sodium (Na) intake and insufficient potassium (K) intake are frequently observed all over the world, including Indonesia. This study explored the dietary patterns of Indonesian people and evaluated their associations with Na and K intakes. Na and K intakes were assessed by repeated 24-h urine collection. The dietary patterns of the previous month were extracted by factor analysis using the Indonesian Food Frequency Questionnaire. The participants were community-dwelling Indonesian men and women (n = 479) aged 20 years and over. We identified four dietary patterns in each sex. After controlling for confounding factors, the high quantile of ‘Noodle, oil, and salty sea products’ pattern was associated with the high Na intake in both men and women (p = 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). The ‘Meat, vegetable, oil, and fruit’ pattern statistically significantly contributed to the high K intake in men (p = 0.04), but not in women (p = 0.26). The ‘Vegetable, non-oil, and milk’ pattern in men and ‘Meat, vegetable, and fruit’ pattern in women were associated with low Na:K ratios (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Neither ‘bread’ nor ‘fish’ appeared as a major determinant of any dietary patterns in this population. The ‘Noodle, oil, and salty sea products’ pattern should be avoided to reduce sodium intake.     

Mycotoxins in Tea ((Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze)): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the Chinese Population

Tea is popular worldwide with multiple health benefits. It may be contaminated by the accidental introduction of toxigenic fungi during production and storage. The present study focuses on potential mycotoxin contamination in tea and the probable dietary exposure assessments associated with consumption. The contamination levels for 16 mycotoxins in 352 Chinese tea samples were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Average concentrations of almost all mycotoxins in tea samples were below the established regulations, except for ochratoxin A in the dark tea samples. A risk assessment was performed for the worst-case scenarios by point evaluation and Monte Carlo assessment model using the obtained mycotoxin levels and the available green, oolong, black, and dark tea consumption data from cities in China. Additionally, we discuss dietary risk through tea consumption as beverages and dietary supplements. In conclusion, there is no dietary risk of exposure to mycotoxins through tea consumption in the Chinese population.     

Temporal Dynamics of the Intestinal Microbiome Following Short-Term Dietary Restriction

Short-term dietary restriction has been proposed as an intriguing pre-operative conditioning strategy designed to attenuate the surgical stress response and improve outcomes. However, it is unclear how this nutritional intervention influences the microbiome, which is known to modulate the systemic condition. Healthy individuals were recruited to participate in a four-day, 70% protein-restricted, 30% calorie-restricted diet, and stool samples were collected at baseline, after the restricted diet, and after resuming normal food intake. Taxonomy and functional pathway analysis was performed via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, prevalence filtering, and differential abundance analysis. High prevalence species were altered by the dietary intervention but quickly returned to baseline after restarting a regular diet. Composition and functional changes after the restricted diet included the decreased relative abundance of commensal bacteria and a catabolic phenotype. Notable species changes included Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia intestinalis, which are major butyrate producers within the colon and are characteristically decreased in many disease states. The macronutrient components of the diet might have influenced these changes. We conclude that short-term dietary restriction modulates the ecology of the gut microbiome, with this modulation being characterized by a relative dysbiosis.     

Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the pathogenesis of many chronic multifactorial diseases, including psoriasis. Current evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota, both through dietary approaches and through supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, could represent a novel therapeutic approach. The present work aims to highlight the latest scientific evidence regarding the microbiome alterations of psoriatic patients, as well as state of the art insights in terms of microbiome-targeted therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic tools for psoriasis.     

Mealtime Regularity Is Associated with Dietary Balance among Preschool Children in Japan—A Study of Lifestyle Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The novel coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably impacted children’s lives. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pandemic affected mealtime regularity among preschool children and whether maintaining regular mealtimes or changes in mealtime regularity during the pandemic were related to dietary balance, including chronological relationships. This online cross-sectional survey involving individuals registered with a company that provides meals to children aged 2−6 years was conducted in February 2021. Using a 40-point scale, a healthy diet score (HDS) was developed to evaluate children’s dietary balance. The participants were divided into four groups based on their responses, and multiple regression analyses were performed with the HDS as the dependent variable. Maintaining regular mealtimes was associated with practices such as waking and going to bed earlier, less snacking, and eating breakfast every day. Even after adjusting for basic attributes, lifestyle habits, household circumstances, and other factors, regular mealtimes were still positively correlated with the HDS. These findings indicate that maintaining regular mealtimes is associated with higher HDS scores and better lifestyle habits. Furthermore, as the changed HDS was higher in the group whose mealtimes became regular during the pandemic, adopting regular mealtimes may lead to a more balanced diet.     

腺病毒7型急性呼吸道感染暴发流行的流行病学调查

目的调查某单位由腺病毒7型引发的呼吸道传染病疫情。方法用现场流行病学调查、临床检查和实验室检测等方法,对1起由腺病毒7型引发的呼吸道传染病疫情进行调查。结果 2013年1月13日～2013年2月4日,共有1400人的某单位突发呼吸道传染病疫情,其中440例（31.43%）出现急性呼吸道感染,主要症状有咳嗽（95.45%）,381例有咽痛（86.59%）,375例咳白痰（85.23%）;全部有咽部充血;白细胞计数在（4.00～9.00）×109/L范围内有283例（64.32%）;肝功异常36例（8.18%）;肺炎支原体抗体阳性患者74例（16.82%）;存在肺部CT异常266例（60.45%）;腺病毒基因阳性111份（25.23%）,其中82份（73.87%）标本的反应产物经测序证实为腺病毒7型。均经过抗感染及抗病毒治疗好转出院。结论此次疫情主要是由腺病毒7型引发的急性呼吸道感染,具有传播快、感染率高的特点,多为轻症呼吸道症状。     

医学院校新生适应能力及其影响因素调查分析

目的：探讨医学院校新生适应能力及其影响因素。方法：以922名医学院校新生为研究对象，采用高校新生适应能力调查表、学校环境满意度调查表、家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)、父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)、个人评价问卷(PEI)进行现场调查。结果：新生适应能力存在性别差异，新生的适应能力与自信心、学校环境满意度、家庭环境和父母养育方式呈明显的相关关系。逐步回归表明，自信心强，学校环境满意度高，家庭生活中组织性强，母亲较少拒绝、否认，过度保护，父亲职业特征和月生活支出较低的新生适应能力较强。结论：医学院校学生适应能力受学校学习生活环境和父母教养方式的影响，个性特征对提高自身适应能力具有重要作用。