ECD kidney transplantation outcomes are improved when matching donors to recipients using a novel creatinine clearance match ratio (CCMR)

Improved outcomes have been associated with various methods of size matching between expanded criteria (ECD) donors and recipients. A novel method for improved functional based matching was developed utilizing manipulation of Cockcroft‐Gault estimated creatinine clearances for donor and recipient. We hypothesized that optimal clearance‐based matches would have superior outcomes for both immediate graft function and long‐term graft survival. For the analysis, recipients of ECD kidneys in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) transplanted between October 1, 1987 and August 31, 2011 were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses predicted the hazard ratio of graft failure and the odds ratio of requiring dialysis within the first week. A total of 25,640 ECD kidney transplants were analyzed. On multivariate analysis, higher creatinine clearance match ratio (CCMR) was associated with increased graft failure and odds of requiring dialysis within the first week (comparing highest ratio quintile versus lowest ratio quintile: HR 1.43, p < 0.001; OR 2.08, p < 0.001). This study suggests that ECD kidneys have improved outcomes when the recipient/donor CCMR is optimized.     

体重指数与早期移植肾功能的关系

目的探讨体重指数(BMI)与早期移植肾功能的关系。方法回顾性研究2003年11月至2014年11月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院肾病科接受同种异体活体肾移植的133例受者的临床资料。根据移植前的BMI将受者分为3组,消瘦组(BMI18.5 kg/m2)、正常体重组(BMI18.5~23.9 kg/m2)、超重肥胖组(BMI23.9 kg/m2)。比较3组受者术后1周的实验室指标[血尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯]、移植肾功能延迟恢复发生率,并对肾移植受者Scr与BMI进行相关分析。结果 3组受者的Scr水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两两比较,超重肥胖组Scr水平高于正常体重组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.408,P=0.01)。3组肾移植受者血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、总胆固醇水平差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。肾移植受者Scr水平与BMI呈正相关(r=0.187,P=0.031),Scr水平随BMI增加而升高。结论 BMI影响早期移植肾功能恢复,肾移植术前控制体重,有助于改善移植肾功能。     

Clinical update: The important role of dual kidney function testing (ACR and eGFR) in primary care: Identification of risk and management in type 2 diabetes

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and may lead to progressive kidney dysfunction culminating in end-stage kidney disease. Kidney function is evaluated less frequently than other care procedures in patients with diabetes, even though the opportunity to identify DKD early and slow or even halt renal damage early in the disease progression represents a potentially important clinical opportunity for early intervention. The following review provides an overview of the under-recognised importance of kidney function in T2D and current best-practice to support the identification of DKD as part of primary care T2D management.     

Correlation of creatinine‐ and specific gravity‐normalized free and glucuronidated urine cannabinoid concentrations following smoked,vaporized, and oral cannabis in frequent and occasional cannabis users

Variability in urine dilution complicates urine cannabinoid test interpretation. Normalizing urine cannabinoid concentrations to specific gravity (SG) or creatinine was proposed to account for donors' hydration states. In this study, all urine voids were individually collected from eight frequent and eight occasional cannabis users for up to 85 hours after each received on separate occasions 50.6 mg Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by smoking, vaporization, and oral ingestion in a randomized, within‐subject, double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled protocol. Each urine void was analyzed for 11 cannabinoids and phase I and II metabolites by liquid chromatography?tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), SG, and creatinine. Normalized urine concentrations were log₁₀ transformed to create normal distributions, and Pearson correlation coefficients determined the degree of association between the two normalization methods. Repeated‐measures linear regression determined if the degree of association differed by frequent or occasional cannabis use, or route of administration after adjusting for gender and time since dosing. Of 1880 urine samples examined, only 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐THC (THCCOOH), THCCOOH‐glucuronide, THC‐glucuronide, and 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCVCOOH) were greater than the method's limits of quantification (LOQs). Associations between SG‐ and creatinine‐normalized concentrations exceeded 0.90. Repeated‐measures regression analysis found small but statistically significant differences in the degree of association between normalization methods for THCCOOH and THCCOOH‐glucuronide in frequent vs occasional smokers, and in THCVCOOH and THC‐glucuronide by route of administration. For the first time, SG‐ and creatinine‐normalized urine cannabinoid concentrations were evaluated in frequent and occasional cannabis users and following oral, smoked, and inhaled cannabis. Both normalization methods reduced variability, improving the interpretation of urine cannabinoid concentrations and methods were strongly correlated.     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值与血糖波动的影响因素分析*

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值（uACR）与血糖波动的影响因素。方法 选取339例确诊的2型糖尿病患者,应用动态血糖监测系统监测血糖,收集其临床资料。首先依据平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）分组,MAGE<3.9?mmol/L 99例（血糖波动正常组）,MAGE≥3.9?mmol/L 240例（血糖波动异常组）,分析影响血糖波动的因素;再依据uACR分组,uACR<30?mg/g 197例（uACR正常组）,uACR≥30?mg/g 142例（uACR异常组）,分析影响uACR的因素。结果 血糖波动正常组与血糖波动异常组比较,病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、uACR差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）。糖尿病病程[OlR=1.040（95% CI：0.958,1.758）]、总胆固醇[OlR=1.332（95% CI：1.061,1.672）]是血糖波动的影响因素。uACR正常组与uACR异常组比较,年龄、病程、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、NLR、MAGE差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）。病程[OlR=1.055（95% CI：1.014,1.096）]、NLR [OlR=2.186（95% CI：1.602,2.983）]、MAGE [OlR=1.438（95% CI：1.226,1.688）]是uACR的影响因素。结论 随着2型糖尿病患者病程的进展,血糖波动幅度逐渐增大,总胆固醇可影响血糖波动;随着病情的进展,机体的炎症反应增强,血糖波动幅度的增大可影响uACR。     

Direct Oral Anticoagulants: New Drugs and New Concepts

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are approved for multiple thromboembolic disorders and provide advantages over existing agents. As with all anticoagulants, management protocols for the eventuality of bleeding are important. Randomized phase III studies generally show that DOACs have a similar risk of clinically relevant bleeding compared with standard anticoagulants, with reductions in major bleeding in some cases. This may be particularly important in patients with atrial fibrillation, for whom the rate of intracranial hemorrhage was approximately halved with DOACs compared with warfarin. Conversely, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding may be increased. Specific patient characteristics, such as renal impairment, comedications, and particular aspects of each drug, including the proportion eliminated by the kidneys, must be taken into account when assessing the risk of bleeding. Although routine coagulation monitoring of DOACs is not required, it may be useful under some circumstances. Of the traditional clotting assays, a sensitive and calibrated prothrombin time may be useful for detecting the presence or absence of clinically relevant factor Xa inhibitor concentrations (rivaroxaban or apixaban), but specific anti–factor Xa assays can measure drug levels quantitatively. For dabigatran, the results of an activated partial thromboplastin time test may exclude a clinically relevant pharmacodynamic effect, but a calibrated dilute thrombin time assay can be used for quantification of drug levels. In the event of mild or moderate bleeding, normal hemostatic support measures are recommended. For life-threatening bleeding, use of nonspecific prohemostatic agents may be considered, although clinical evidence is scarce. Specific antidotes are in development.