《天津市控制吸烟条例》实施效果的综合评价

目的 比较《天津市控制吸烟条例》(条例)实施前后连续4年的变化,综合评价控烟的成效.方法 通过天津市发病登记系统收集的心肌梗死(心梗)就诊信息,采用The Survey System进行估算,抽取有代表性的室内场所样本量进行PM_2.5监测和现场观察,以及代表性的人群样本量开展拦截及入户调查.结果 条例实施后医疗卫生、教育和政府机构以及室内候车场所内张贴禁烟标志均有较大程度提高(P< 0.01);条例规定的9类主要公共场所吸烟现象均呈现下降(P< 0.05);全人群“二手烟”暴露率下降26.5%(P< 0.01),室内工作职业人群心梗入院频数随年份出现显著下降趋势(β=-0.061,P=0.00),而同期全人群的心梗就诊例数仍然呈上升趋势(β=0.059,P=0.00).结论 条例的实施对减少吸烟和“二手烟”危害起到促进作用,应广泛宣传控烟带来的健康效益和社会效益,以促进条例的全面落实.     

Flexible selection of a single treatment incorporating short‐term endpoint information in a phase II/III clinical trial

Seamless phase II/III clinical trials in which an experimental treatment is selected at an interim analysis have been the focus of much recent research interest. Many of the methods proposed are based on the group sequential approach. This paper considers designs of this type in which the treatment selection can be based on short‐term endpoint information for more patients than have primary endpoint data available. We show that in such a case, the familywise type I error rate may be inflated if previously proposed group sequential methods are used and the treatment selection rule is not specified in advance. A method is proposed to avoid this inflation by considering the treatment selection that maximises the conditional error given the data available at the interim analysis. A simulation study is reported that illustrates the type I error rate inflation and compares the power of the new approach with two other methods: a combination testing approach and a group sequential method that does not use the short‐term endpoint data, both of which also strongly control the type I error rate. The new method is also illustrated through application to a study in Alzheimer's disease. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Dynamic probability control limits for risk‐adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts

The risk‐adjusted Bernoulli cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart developed by Steiner et al. (2000) is an increasingly popular tool for monitoring clinical and surgical performance. In practice, however, the use of a fixed control limit for the chart leads to a quite variable in‐control average run length performance for patient populations with different risk score distributions. To overcome this problem, we determine simulation‐based dynamic probability control limits (DPCLs) patient‐by‐patient for the risk‐adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts. By maintaining the probability of a false alarm at a constant level conditional on no false alarm for previous observations, our risk‐adjusted CUSUM charts with DPCLs have consistent in‐control performance at the desired level with approximately geometrically distributed run lengths. Our simulation results demonstrate that our method does not rely on any information or assumptions about the patients' risk distributions. The use of DPCLs for risk‐adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts allows each chart to be designed for the corresponding particular sequence of patients for a surgeon or hospital. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Caudal epidural anesthesia during intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer

It has been suggested that pain control during intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer is insufficient in most hospitals in Japan. Our hospital began using caudal epidural anesthesia during high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy in 2011. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively investigate the effects of caudal epidural anesthesia during HDR intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer patients. Caudal epidural anesthesia for 34 cervical cancer patients was performed during HDR intracavitary brachytherapy between October 2011 and August 2013. We used the patients'' self-reported Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score at the first session of HDR intracavitary brachytherapy as a subjective evaluation of pain. We compared NRS scores of the patients with anesthesia with those of 30 patients who underwent HDR intracavitary brachytherapy without sacral epidural anesthesia at our hospital between May 2010 and August 2011. Caudal epidural anesthesia succeeded in 33 patients (97%), and the NRS score was recorded in 30 patients. The mean NRS score of the anesthesia group was 5.17 ± 2.97, significantly lower than that of the control group''s 6.80 ± 2.59 (P = 0.035). The caudal epidural block resulted in no side-effects. Caudal epidural anesthesia is an effective and safe anesthesia option during HDR intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer.     

Tobacco‐Control Policies in Tobacco‐Growing States: Where Tobacco Was King

Context

The 5 major tobacco-growing states (Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) are disproportionately affected by the tobacco epidemic, with higher rates of smoking and smoking-induced disease. These states also have fewer smoke-free laws and lower tobacco taxes, 2 evidence-based policies that reduce tobacco use. Historically, the tobacco farmers and hospitality associations allied with the tobacco companies to oppose these policies.

Methods

This research is based on 5 detailed case studies of these states, which included key informant interviews, previously secret tobacco industry documents (available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu), and media articles. This was supplemented with additional tobacco document and media searches specifically for this article.

Findings

The tobacco companies were particularly concerned about blocking tobacco-control policies in the tobacco-growing states by promoting a pro-tobacco culture, beginning in the late 1960s. Nevertheless, since 2003, there has been rapid progress in the tobacco-growing states’ passage of smoke-free laws. This progress came after the alliance between the tobacco companies and the tobacco farmers fractured and hospitality organizations stopped opposing smoke-free laws. In addition, infrastructure built by National Cancer Institute research projects (COMMIT and ASSIST) led to long-standing tobacco-control coalitions that capitalized on these changes. Although tobacco production has dramatically fallen in these states, pro-tobacco sentiment still hinders tobacco-control policies in the major tobacco-growing states.

Conclusions

The environment has changed in the tobacco-growing states, following a fracture of the alliance between the tobacco companies and their former allies (tobacco growers and hospitality organizations). To continue this progress, health advocates should educate the public and policymakers on the changing reality in the tobacco-growing states, notably the great reduction in the number of tobacco farmers as well as in the volume of tobacco produced.     

医保总额控制下大型公立医院经营策略探讨

为解决医疗费用过快上涨、医保对供方行为约束不足、基金运行风险加剧等问题,人力资源和社会保障部等要求在统筹地区开展以总额控制为主的医保支付方式改革.总额控制对城市大型公立医院的经营管理产生了较大的影响.按照总额控制政策,提出3个层面的转型策略.在发展战略方面,转变增长方式,发挥医联体作用,增强辐射能力;在业务管理方面,确保医疗质量和安全,落实临床路径,优化服务流程;在行政管理方面,强化成本控制,加强信息化建设,转变管理职能.     

登革热的流行病学分析及防控效果研究

目的:研究登革热的流行病学分析及防控效果.方法:选择2013年1月～2014年12月在本市住院接受治疗的登革热患者834例作为研究对象.以2013年12月31日为临界点,此后实施严格的综合性防控措施.分析不同时间登革热发病情况,不同时间登革热疫情致病病毒情况,不同年龄的登革热患者发病情况.结果:在2013年～2014年期间,登革热发病时间主要位于8～11月份,2014年的登革热发病例数明显高于2013年组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2013年及2014年,登革热疫情的致病病毒主要是DEN1型.年龄为10～69岁的登革热患者发病率最高,2013年此年龄段的发病率与2014年相比,差异无统计学意义.结论:监测登革热的流行病学资料十分必要,采取严格的综合性预防措施,对于降低登革热疫情的爆发和流行十分紧迫,值得重视.     

2型糖尿病患者血糖控制水平对骨密度的影响

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制水平对骨密度的影响。方法:纳入T2DM患者170例,其中绝经前女性T2DM患者(A1组)21例,绝经后女性T2DM患者(A2组)79例,小于50岁男性T2DM患者(B1组)22例,50岁及以上男性T2DM患者(B2组)48例。应用双能X线骨密度仪测定所有患者腰椎(L2、L3、L4和L2~4)及股骨近端[(股骨颈(FN)、大转子(TM)和Wards三角区(WA)]的骨密度。以各部位骨密度为因变量,以糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、年龄、体重指数、病程等可能影响骨密度的因素为自变量,建立多重线性回归模型,分析血糖控制水平是否对T2DM患者骨密度有影响。结果:A1组未发现Hb A1c水平对骨密度有影响。A2组中Hb A1c水平对L2、L3、L4和L2~4的骨密度有影响(β=-0.579、-0.556、-0.614和-0.476,P均<0.05)。B1组中Hb A1c水平对L4、L2~4和WA的骨密度有影响(β=-0.443、-0.284和-0.227,P均<0.05)。B2组中Hb A1c水平对L4、L2~4和TM的骨密度有影响(β=-0.745、-0.297和-0.147,P均<0.05)。结论:T2DM患者血糖控制水平是骨密度的影响因素,尤其是对于男性及绝经后女性患者。