重症急性胰腺炎继发感染及其防治:310例分析

背景:重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病情凶险、病死率高,继发感染是导致SAP患者死亡的重要原因,但目前尚缺少SAP继发感染的大宗病例报道。目的:总结SAP继发感染的发生和防治情况。方法:回顾性分析1993年1月～2006年1月长海医院310例SAP患者的临床资料,作继发真菌/细菌感染的菌谱调查,详细记录患者的抗生素使用情况和治疗结果。结果:共96例(31.0%)SAP患者出现继发感染,平均感染发生时间为发病后21.31天±9.72天。感染菌谱中真菌87株,其中念珠菌62株(71.3%),毛霉菌17株(19.5%),酵母菌7株(8.0%),念珠菌中常见的菌种依次为白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌。继发细菌感染的部位多位于腹腔。结论:SAP继发真菌感染以念珠菌感染为主,继发细菌感染则以革兰阴性菌感染为主。细菌感染预防性用药首选喹诺酮类加甲硝唑,如感染严重则加用第三代头孢菌素或亚胺培南。可根据培养结果选用敏感抗生素。对疑为真菌感染者应采取预防性抗真菌治疗。     

我国不同阶段实施综合治理措施控制血吸虫病策略演变

值此我国发现血吸虫已逾100年，同时我国血吸虫病防治工作开展逾50年之际，回顾我国不同阶段综合治理措施实施控制血吸虫病策略演变过程，综述各阶段的防治经验，探讨综合治理控制措施效果，提示与明确我国综合治理措施实施控制血吸虫病策略的进一步方向。     

增强型体外反搏改善经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心肌无再流现象

目的探讨增强型体外反搏(EECP)能否改善急性心肌梗死(AMI)靶血管重建后心肌无再流现象。方法靶血管重建后心肌无再流的 AMI 病人162例随机分为常规药物治疗组(n=81)。体外反搏治疗36 h 后,心肌声学造影(MCE)评估危险区心肌灌注。同时测量两组病人治疗前后血浆内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果反搏治疗组病人危险区心肌灌注明显改善,标化 A×β值(毛细血管灌注=毛细血管容积×充盈速率)从0.11±0.07升高到0.92±0.08(P<0.05);药物治疗组病人危险区心肌灌注无显著变化,标化 A×β值为0.10±0.09 vs 0.12±0.05(P>0.05)。反搏治疗组病人血浆 ET 水平从(113.6±44.1)ng/L 下降到(79.3±31.7)ng/L(P<0.05),MDA 水平从(5.8±0.6)ng/L 下降到(3.9±0.7)ng/L(P<0.05),NO 水平从(38.7±6.0)μmol/L 上升到(99.5±15.7)μmol/L(P<0.05);药物治疗组病人血浆 ET 水平从(119.3±43.1)ng/L 上升到(146.0±38.6)ng/...     

Post-Circuit Blues: Motivations and Consequences of Crystal Meth Use Among Gay Men in Miami

Miami, Florida was at the vanguard of the rise of circuit parties and attendant club drug use—especially ecstasy, GHB, and ketamine—in the 1990s. Crystal methamphetamine, a drug of abuse among gay men for some years on the West coast, gradually moved east toward the end of the decade and recently became prevalent in Miami. This paper reports the results of focus group research into the motivations and consequences of crystal use among gay men in this new setting. Loneliness, fears about physical attractiveness due to aging and illness, and desires to lose sexual inhibitions were common motivations for using the drug. Continued use of crystal was often described as the cause of lost friendships, employment and long-term relationships, as well as sexual behaviors that put men at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Implications for drug and sexual risk prevention interventions are discussed.     

2017—2019年云浮市人民医院抗菌药物不良反应分析

目的 统计云浮市人民医院2017-2019年抗菌药物不良反应（ADR）发生例数,探讨ADR发生的原因。方法 回顾性分析2017-2019年云浮市人民医院上报广东省药品不良反应监测中心的抗菌药物相关的ADR的病例,统计发生ADR的患者的一般情况,包括年龄、性别、ADR发生的时间、ADR的类型、ADR涉及的具体表现等。结果 2017-2019年本院共上报抗菌药物ADR 97例,共涉及11种抗菌药物,包括头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类等抗菌药物,其中严重ADR 8例,上报的ADR给药途径绝大部分为静脉给药,经停药对症治疗后基本上都能好转,仅1例未见好转。结论 作为本地区最大的三甲医院,收治患者众多,抗菌药物使用量大,但本院的抗菌药物ADR上报例数相对少于国内同样规模的医院,抗菌药物引起的ADR对人体可造成不同程度的损伤,ADR值得引起重视,应加强ADR的上报工作。     

The roles of phosphatidylethanol,ethyl glucuronide,and ethyl sulfate in identifying alcohol consumption among participants in professionals health programs

Direct alcohol biomarkers, including urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG), urinary ethyl sulfate (EtS), and blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth), are used to monitor alcohol abstinence in individuals who are mandated to abstain. In this consecutive case series study, we examined 1000 forensic reports of participants enrolled in a professionals health program who were contractually obligated to abstain from alcohol and who underwent recovery status evaluations. We identified 52 evaluations in which urinary EtG, EtS, and blood PEth were measured and which produced a positive result for at least one of these analytes. PEth, at a cutoff concentration of 20 ng/mL, revealed alcohol use more frequently than EtG or EtS at our laboratory's cutoff concentrations of 100 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. This was true, as well, at alternative EtG/EtS cutoff concentrations of 200/50, 300/75, and 400/100 ng/mL. PEth was more likely than EtG/EtS to be positive in participants previously diagnosed with alcohol use disorders (AUD), whereas EtG/EtS was more likely than PEth to be positive in participants without AUD. In this study, blood PEth was the most sensitive biomarker for evidencing alcohol use.     

血栓通注射液超说明书用药情况分析

目的分析血栓通注射液超说明书用药的合理性。方法选取梅州市第二中医医院2017年6月-2018年10月应用血栓通注射液患者210例,分析血栓通注射液超说明书用药情况及合理性,并比较不同年龄及科室患者血栓通注射液超说明书用药情况及合理性。结果210例患者中,超说明书用药45例,发生率为21.43%;其中合理应用38例,合理应用率为84.44%。不同年龄患者超说明书用药发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);骨科的超说明书用药发生率高于其他科室(P<0.05);而不同年龄及科室患者超说明书用药应用合理率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血栓通注射液超说明书用药情况并不少见,但用药基本合理,应注意对血栓通注射液用药情况的监督。     

The federal standard medication plan in practice: An observational cross-sectional study on prevalence and quality

BackgroundMedication plans are instruments used to document drug therapies, guide patients, and ensure medication safety. In Germany, patients who take at least 3 long-term medications are eligible to receive a medication plan. It has been statutory to use the federal standard layout (German: “Bundeseinheitlicher Medikationsplan”) since April 2017.ObjectivesThis study explores the prevalence, availability, medication discrepancies, and conformance with statutory regulations of medication plans since the introduction of the format of the federal standard medication plan in Germany.MethodsMedication reconciliation was performed for hospitalized patients according to the Best Possible Medication History principle. The collected medication lists were analyzed for medication discrepancies and conformance with the statutory regulations. The medication discrepancies were (1) omitted drugs, (2) additional drugs, and (3) dosing errors.ResultsAfter hospitalization, 524 patients taking drugs were included. The majority (n = 424 patients) were eligible for a medication plan. While 241 medication lists were present, only 24.1% (n = 58) matched the federal standard format. The mean number of drugs was 6.3 ± 3.6, with 3315 medications (3046 long-term and 269 as needed) reconciled totally. The 84 medication lists with omitted or additional drugs included 166 medication discrepancies upon 774 drugs listed. Of the 253 patients with dosing errors, 146 had a medication list. Inappropriate dosages were due to single dose (n = 195), daily dose (n = 225) or frequency of application (n = 255).ConclusionMedication plans are valuable tools for patients and health care providers. This study shows that the introduced paper-based federal standard medication plan in Germany falls short of its expectations regarding availability and correctness. Switching to an electronic patient record system may overcome some of the current pitfalls.     

药师对本院中成药重复使用的干预效果

目的:探讨药师干预对中成药重复使用的效果,促进中成药的合理使用。方法:选取我院2018年6—12月使用中成药的患者299例为对照组,2019年1—6月使用中成药的患者301例为干预组。对照组采用常规的处方点评,干预组通过完善中成药重复用药点评细则、规范培训点评中药师、加大临床监测力度和中成药合理用药宣教等药学干预手段进行点评,对比干预前后中成药重复使用率。结果:与对照组比较,干预后我院中成药重复使用率由干预前46.15%(138/299)下降至13.95%(42/301),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预前本院中成药重复使用排名前10位的组合中,9组的重复使用率在药师干预后明显下降,仅参芪扶正注射液和复方黄芪益气口服液组合的重复使用率由干预前的1.34%(4/299)上升至3.99%(12/301)。结论:药师干预有效降低我院中成药的重复使用率,促进中成药的合理使用,但仍存在重复用药情况,还需干预。