高等医学院校实施医学英语教学的思考

高等医学院校的英语教学应当包括基础英语和医学专业英语两部分。目前虽然医学专业英语教学日益受到重视,但依然是大学英语教学中的难点。通过分析医科学生潜在及现实的需求,以及在医学专业英语教学中普遍存在的具有挑战性的问题,找出可行的应对措施,探索医学院校如何成功地实施专业英语教学。     

特发性正常颅压性脑积水(iNPH)患者认知障碍特征的临床分析

 目的   对特发性正常颅压性脑积水(idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus,iNPH)患者的认知障碍特征进行临床分析,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法  通过多个量表评价23例诊断为疑似iNPH患者的认知功能,对照组为15例性别年龄匹配、经磁共振明确无脑积水表现的病例。采用简易精神状态检查量表评价总体认知功能,Stroop色词测验评估执行功能,听觉词语学习测验评估学习和记忆功能,数字广度测验评估注意功能,改良Rankin量表和日常生活活动能力量表评价整体生活能力。结果   本研究中iNPH患者(iNPH组)的简易精神状态检查量表评分［21.00 (11.00~25.00)］较对照组［28.00(26.00～29.00)］显著下降(P＜0.01);Stroop色词测验中卡片A所耗秒数［59.60(33.60～97.70)］较对照组［32.00 (26.00~39.00)］显著延长(P=0.04),卡片A正确个数［50.00 (46.00～50.00)］较对照组(均为50个)显著下降(P=0.02),完成卡片B所耗秒数［106.00(59.20～227.60)］较对照组［46.00 (37.00~50.00)］显著延长(P＜0.01),完成卡片A及B总耗秒数［177.70(90.00～279.40)］较对照组［75.00 (72.00~89.00)］显著延长(P＜0.01),完成卡片C所耗平均秒数［206.60(99.50～237.10)］较对照组［88.00 (70.00~120.00)］显著延长(P=0.01);听觉词语学习测验中短延迟回忆平均个数,iNPH组(4.18±2.89)较对照组(6.29±2.14)显著下降(P=0.04),长延迟回忆个数［3.50(3.00～5.00)］较对照组［7.00 (6.00~9.00)］显著下降(P=0.01),线索回忆个数［1.50(0.00～4.00)］较对照组［5.50 (3.00~9.50)］显著下降(P=0.02),平均回忆总个数(即前5次回忆个数之和)［15.00(11.00～23.00)］较对照组［24.00 (20.00~37.00)］显著下降(P=0.04);数字广度测验中倒背得分(3.04±2.12)较对照组(4.15±0.99)显著下降(P=0.03);改良Rankin评分［3.00 (2.00~4.00)］较对照组(均为0分)显著增高(P＜0.01);ADL评分［85.00(70.00～95.00)］较对照组(均为100分)显著下降(P＜0.01)。结论  iNPH患者存在认知功能下降,表现为执行功能障碍、记忆损害、注意损害及日常生活能力下降。     

Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Is Associated With Treatment Response and Cognitive Function in Euthymic Bipolar Patients Receiving Valproate

BackgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cognitive impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the associations among mitochondrial DNA copy number (MCN), treatment response, and cognitive function remain elusive in BD patients.MethodsSixty euthymic BD patients receiving valproate (VPA) and 66 healthy controls from the community were recruited. The indices of metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of blood leukocytes was used to measure the MCN. Cognitive function was measured by calculating perseverative errors and completed categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The VPA treatment response was measured using the Alda scale.ResultsBD patients had significantly higher MCN, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, waist circumference, and worse performance on the WCST than the controls. Regression models showed that BD itself and the VPA concentration exerted significant effects on increased MCN levels. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an MCN of 2.05 distinguished VPA responders from nonresponders, with an area under the curve of 0.705 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.529 and 0.816, respectively. An MCN level ≥2.05 was associated with 5.39 higher odds of being a VPA responder (P = .006). BD patients who were stratified into the high-MCN group had a higher VPA response rate, better WCST performance, lower CRP level, and less MetS.ConclusionsThe study suggests a link between the peripheral MCN and cognitive function in BD patients. As an inflammatory status, MetS might modulate this association.     

认知负荷理论在医疗护理领域中应用的研究进展

从认知负荷的定义、分类、测量方法以及在医疗护理领域中的应用等方面对国外最新研究进展进行综述,旨在为我国医院管理者在改善医护人员实施治疗与护理措施时认知负荷的水平发挥积极作用提供理论依据。     

对社区老人认知功能干预的近期效果

目的:探索对社区老人认知功能干预的近期效果。方法:对某社区65岁以上自愿参加的老人进行为期12周(共24次)的认知功能干预;采用老年成套神经心理测验(NTBE),比较干预组(44名自愿参加的老人)和对照组(51名完成基线和随防评估的老人)认知功能差异。结果:在干预前后两组NTBE的自身比较中:干预组在视觉匹配和推理等项目得分的差异有统计学意义,对照组在运动测验、前摄抑制和学习效应指数等得分的差异有统计学意义。通过Logistic回归分析,认知干预和NTBE相关的项目如下:听觉词汇学习4正确、听觉词汇学习4重复、分类测验、小标记测验、视觉匹配和推理、听觉词汇8插入和连线测验1顺序提示数共7项,均呈正相关。结论:综合认知训练干预在短期内能改善或延缓部分认知功能的衰退,逻辑推理能力是社区老人认知干预的易感领域。     

酒依赖患者认知功能障碍临床研究

目的评估慢性酒依赖患者的认知功能状况。方法分别应用韦氏成人智力量表和韦氏记忆量表,对53例男性酒依赖患者和34名匹配的正常对照组进行智能和记忆功能的评定,比较两组之间的差异,并对酒依赖患者认知功能损害的危险因素进行相关分析。结果慢性酒依赖者的智商为（86.03±9.87）,记忆商为（61.07±10.13）,均显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;智能和记忆量表的各因子分均低于对照组P〈0.05或0.01）。相关分析显示：慢性酒依赖患者的智商和记忆商数与饮酒时间呈显著负相关（r=0.4,P〈0.01）,与教育程度及习惯性饮酒开始年龄呈正相关（r=0.2,P〉0.05）。结论慢性酒依赖患者存在显著的认知功能障碍。     

Patients' experiences across the trajectory of atrial fibrillation: A qualitative systematic review

AimThis study aimed to synthesize qualitative evidence on experiences of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) during the course of diagnosis and treatment. We addressed three main questions: (a) What were the experiences of patients with AF during the course of diagnosis and treatment? (b) How did they respond to and cope with the disease? (c) What were the requirements during disease management?DesignIn this study, qualitative evidence synthesis was performed using the Thomas and Harden method.Data SourcesElectronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the China Biomedical Database, the WanFang Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP, were searched. The databases were searched from inception to August 2021.Review MethodsTwo researchers independently selected studies using qualitative assessment and review instruments for quality evaluation and thematic synthesis for the data analysis.ResultsA total of 2627 studies were identified in the initial search and 15 studies were included. Five analytical themes were generated: ‘Diagnosing AF’; ‘The impact of AF on the patients’; ‘Self‐reorientation in the therapeutic process’; ‘Living with AF and QoL’; and ‘External support to facilitate coping strategies.’ConclusionsOur findings point out unique experiences of patients across the trajectory of AF related to delayed diagnosis, feelings of nonsupport, disappointment of repeated treatment failure and multiple distress associated with unpredictable symptoms. Future research and clinical practice are expected to improve the quality of medical diagnosis and treatment, optimize administrative strategy and provide diverse health support for patients with AF.ImpactUnderstanding the experiences and needs of patients with AF in the entire disease process will inform future clinical practice in AF integrated management, which would be helpful in improving the professionalism and confidence of healthcare providers. In addition, our findings have implications for improving the effectiveness of AF diagnostic and treatment services.Patient or Public ContributionThis paper presents a review of previous studies and did not involve patients or the public.     

社区主观认知下降老年人的运动认知风险综合征发生情况及影响因素研究

背景 运动认知风险综合征(MCR)及主观认知下降(SCD)均为老年人认知下降的早期阶段,MCR目前被认为是一种新型的痴呆前期有效预测综合征,早期对SCD老年人群进行MCR筛查,确定其影响因素,对减少老年人群痴呆及相关不良健康事件的发生具有重要意义。目的 了解社区SCD老年人的MCR发生情况,并分析其影响因素。方法 从2019年1月至2022年1月于北京某社区开展的长期队列研究中选取SCD老年人(≥60岁)459例为研究对象。SCD的评估联合使用了简版老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)中有关记忆的问题和蒙特利尔认知评估基础量表中文版(MoCA-B)。采用6 m步速测定法评估老年人的步速,以同时存在SCD和步速下降者为MCR组,以不存在步速下降者为非MCR组。采用自设问卷收集患者一般资料、生理因素、生活方式指标、心理因素、营养状态、患病情况、用药史等信息。采用多因素Logistic逐步回归分析SCD老年人发生MCR的影响因素。结果 459例社区SCD老年人中,发生MCR者125例(27.23%)。MCR组和非MCR组老年人的年龄、基础性日常生活活动能力(BADL)、工具性日常生活活动能力(IAD...     

中成药在流行性感冒治疗中的临床地位

流行性感冒简称流感,是一种由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。21世纪以来,全球已发生3次流感大流行,每次均波及我国。我国卫生系统每次都对流感流行作出积极应对,逐渐积累了对流感的防控经验,并将我国的传统医药--中医药用于抗流感治疗,取得了较好的疗效。同时,还带动了我国抗流感中成药的研究,奠定了中成药在流感治疗中的临床地位。     

中药复方现代化研究的现状与基本思路

目的：提高中药复方配伍理论的源头创新,研制并推出具有独立自主知识产权的中药品种,促进中医药产业化和现代化。方法：以中医临床疗效确切的经典小复方为研究对象,运用现代科学技术手段,研究其体内外活性成分的组成,配伍机制以及构效关系和作用机制。结果：揭示中药复方效用及其配伍规律的科学内涵,全面提高中医临床疗效,提升中医药在我国医疗保健事业中的地位。结论：对于弘扬中医药学,并赋予其新的科学内涵,具有重要的学术和方法学意义。