不同参比点豚鼠体表心电图的比较

目的 比较不同参比点豚鼠体表的心电图。方法 取30只成年豚鼠,分别以中心电端和右前额为参比点,同步记录豚鼠第1、4、7肋间隙环胸3圈18个点的心电图。比较相同测试点中不同的参比点的两组心电图R（r）波振幅。结果 以右前额为参比点记录的心电图R（r）波振幅比以中心电端为参比点的心电图R（r）波振幅大,具显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论 右前额作为记录心电图的参比点要比中心电端优越。     

477例患者血液透析中留置中心静脉导管的临床分析

目的：总结留置中心静脉导管的经验,探讨如何防治中心静脉留置导管的并发症。方法：分析１９９２年７月！￣１９９８年７月我院血液净化中心对４７７例肾功能不全患,留置中心静脉导管共５６６例次。     

淮北农村改建深井为主的简易集中供水防制腹泻病效果研究

１９９７年～１９９８年,对两个县６个改水村和６个对照村的１００９２农村居民的饮水与腹泻病进行入户调查。结果表明,不同饮水类型的腹泻病发病率高低顺序是沟、河、塘水（１９．８０％）、浅水并（１２．６７％）,混和水（１０．０６％）和简易自来水（５．９２％）,饮用以深井为主的简易自来水的改水地区腹泻病发病率显著低于非改水地区。用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析筛选出腹泻病的影响因素是厕所类型（ＯＲ ３．６５２ Ｐ＜０．０１）、饮水类型（ＯＲ ２．４４６ Ｐ＜０．０１）、冷饮（ＯＲ１．３０ Ｐ＜０．０１）、砧板（ＯＲ１．３５６ Ｐ＜０．０１）、聚餐（ＯＲ１．１９７Ｐ＜０．０１）和凉拌菜（ＯＲ　１．１８４ Ｐ＜０．０１）等,控制混杂因素后,归因于饮用非自来水的ＡＲ％为５９．１％,表明改建以深井为主的简易自来水可降低５９．１％的腹泻病人。     

Pediatric intestinal transplantation

Advancements in donor management, organ preservation and operative techniques, as well as immunosuppressive therapies, have provided children with intestinal failure and its complications a chance not only for enteral autonomy but also long-term survival through intestinal transplantation (ITx). First described in the 1960’s, experience has grown in managing these complex patients both pre- and post-transplant. The goals of this review are to provide a brief history of intestinal transplantation and intestinal rehabilitation in pediatric patients, followed by focused discussions of the indications for ITx, induction and maintenance immunosuppression therapies, common post-operative complications, and outcomes/quality of life post-transplant.     

Transient decrease in sound tolerance levels following hearing deprivation in normal-hearing subjects

ObjectiveTo determine the circadian influence on sound sensitivity produced by temporal hearing deprivation in healthy normal human subjects.DesignParticipants underwent bilateral earplugging before completion of anthropometry, the author's developed questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Inventory, pure tone audiometry (PTA), stapedial reflex thresholds (SRT), distortion products otoacoustic emissions input/output (DPOAE-I/O), and uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs). Afterward, the participants were randomly divided into group A, starting at 8:00 a.m. and finishing at 8:00 p.m., and group B, starting at 4:00 p.m. and ending at 4:00 a.m. Serum cortisol levels and audiological test results were obtained at the beginning and end of the session and 24-h free urinary cortisol levels were measured.Study sampleThirty healthy volunteers.ResultsPTA was 2.68 and 3.33 dB HL in groups A and B, respectively, with no statistical difference between them. ULLs were significantly lower in group A compared to group B, with an average of 8.1 dB SPL in group A and 3.3 dB SPL in group B (p < 0.0001). A SRT shift was observed in group A, with no difference in group B, and a night shift in DPOAE-I/O in group B.ConclusionsReduced loudness tolerance is demonstrated during daytime hearing deprivation in contrast to nighttime; this may be due to increased central gain in the awake cortex.     

Paraplegia after thoracotomy--not caused by the epidural catheter

BACKGROUND: Paraplegia and peripheral nerve injuries may arise after general anaesthesia from many causes but are easily ascribed to central block if the latter has been used. CASE REPORT: A 56-yr-old woman, with Bechterev disease but otherwise healthy, was operated with left-sided thoracotomy to remove a tumour in the left lower lobe. She had an epidural catheter inserted in the mid-thoracic area before general anaesthesia was started. Bupivacaine 0.5% 5 ml was injected once and the infusion of bupivacaine 0.1% with 2 micrograms/ml fentanyl and 2 micrograms/ml adrenaline (5 ml/h) started at the end of surgery. The patient woke up with total paralysis in the lower limb and sensory analgesia at the level of T8, which remained unchanged at several observations. Laminectomy, performed 17 h after the primary operation, showed a large piece of a haemostatic sponge (Surgicel) compressing the spinal cord, which was then decompressed but the motor and sensory deficit remained virtually unchanged both then and a year later. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows--once again--that although central blocks may cause serious neurological complications and paraplegia, other causes are possible and have to be considered. However, all patients with an epidural catheter must be monitored for early signs and symptoms of an intraspinal process and the appropriate treatment has to be instituted instantly.     

A comparative study on the effects of apraclonidine and timolol on the ophthalmic blood flow velocity waveforms

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of topical timolol and apraclonidine on retrobulbar blood flow velocity waveforms in a group of healthy volunteers.Methods: Apraclonidine 1% and timolol maleate 0.5% single dose administrations were crossed over double masked in 12 healthy volunteers. The intraocular pressure measurements were followed by Doppler examination of the ophthalmic artery and the central retinal artery.Results: Intraocular pressure was reduced significantly on both treated and fellow eyes after timolol (p = 0.003, p = 0.04 respectively) and after apraclonidine (p = 0.002, p = 0.01 respectively). After apraclonidine administration end diastolic velocity, mean velocity decreased and pulsatility index increased in the ophthalmic artery of both treated and fellow eyes. Resistivity index increased and peak systolic velocity decreased only in the ophthalmic artery of treated eyes. All Doppler indices remained nonsignificant for central retinal artery of both eyes.After timolol administration there were no significant changes of the Doppler indices in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery of the treated and fellow eyes.Conclusion: Topical timolol and apraclonidine significantly reduced the intraocular pressure. Single dose administration of apraclonidine 1% increased the vascular impedance distal to the ophthalmic artery. On the other hand, timolol 0.5% had no effect on vascular impedance.     

半导体红外激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞

为探讨半导体红外激光对视网膜静脉阻塞（ＲＶＯ）的治疗效果,对５８例ＲＶＯ患者用Ｋｅｅｌｅｒ公司“Ｍｉｃｒｏｌａｓｅ”半导体激光器（波长８１０ｎｍ）作区域封闭或全视网膜光凝（ＰＲＰ）。结果：１７例中央视网膜静脉阻塞（ＣＲＶＯ）患者,治疗前后平均视力分别为０．１７５及０．４０;７例半球阻塞（Ｓｅｍｉ－ＣＲＶＯ）患者治疗前后平均视力为０．１１６及０．４０;３４例视网膜分枝静脉阻塞（ＢＲＶＯ）患者则分别为０．１９及０．４６５。经ｔ检验,差别均有显著性。结论：激光光凝治疗是ＲＶＯ重建供氧平衡的重要手段,疗效肯定。半导体红外激光有比氩激光更易穿透浑浊介质和更少影响视网膜神经纤维层和黄斑功能等优点。早期进行区域封闭或全视网膜光凝,有利于保存有用视力。     

Locomotor activity and catecholamine receptor binding in adult normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

Summary The binding of³H-WB 4101, an ₁-adrenoceptor antagonist, to membranes of the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the lower brainstem was examined in adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK) controls. The specific binding of³H-WB 4101 (0.33 nM) was significantly higher in homogenates from the cerebral cortex of SH rats as compared to WK rats. No differences were detected between SH and WK rats in the specific binding of³H-spiroperidol (0.25 nM), a dopamine receptor antagonist, to membranes from the corpus striatum and the limbic forebrain. The locomotor activity was significantly higher in SH rats as compared to WK controls, in all probability due to a lack of habituation to environmental change. It is suggested that the high reactivity of SH rats is related to a dysfunction in the noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system.