黏质沙雷菌耐药性及碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药机制研究

目的 探讨黏质沙雷菌分离株的整体耐药特点,研究其对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的主要机制.方法 收集2007至2010年从宁波市第一医院不同病区分离(剔除重复菌株)黏质沙雷菌247株,用Vitek2 -Compact及配套革兰阴性杆菌药敏卡(GNS)检测其药敏情况,对筛选出的20株耐碳青霉烯类菌株进行PCR检测其耐药基因.结果 黏质沙雷菌对头孢曲松、氨曲南、环丙沙星的耐药率较高,分别为70.4％( 174/247)、64.8％ (160/247)、57.4％ (142/247)；对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率较低,分别为:3.5％( 8/229)、5.4％( 13/241)、5.9％(14/237)、8.1％ (20/247).PCR检测20株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的黏质沙雷菌中,1、7、12和16号的AmpC染色体基因表达是阴性参考菌株的98.3、102.3、121.5、87.3倍；共有12株黏质沙雷菌分离株同时携带CTX-M型超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和KPC-2型碳青霉烯类酶.黏质沙雷菌所携带的CTX-M以CTX-M1、CTX-M2、CTX-M9为主；2株菌携带有SHV基因；2株菌携带有SME基因；2株菌携带有TEM基因；5株菌膜孔蛋白基因ompC和ompF均缺失；仅1株ompC基因缺失；2株菌ompF基因缺失.结论 黏质沙雷菌对β内酰胺类药物耐药的原因比较复杂,以产β内酰胺酶为主.开展对耐药菌株的进化和多耐药基因的研究,有利于合理应用抗菌药物,降低抗生索对耐药菌的选择压力及控制耐药菌株的蔓延.     

Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to increase adhesion

Biofilms, surface-bound communities of microbes, are economically and medically important due to their pathogenic and obstructive properties. Among the numerous strategies to prevent bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, surface topography was recently proposed as a highly nonspecific method that does not rely on small-molecule antibacterial compounds, which promote resistance. Here, we provide a detailed investigation of how the introduction of submicrometer crevices to a surface affects attachment of Escherichia coli. These crevices reduce substrate surface area available to the cell body but increase overall surface area. We have found that, during the first 2 h, adhesion to topographic surfaces is significantly reduced compared with flat controls, but this behavior abruptly reverses to significantly increased adhesion at longer exposures. We show that this reversal coincides with bacterially induced wetting transitions and that flagellar filaments aid in adhesion to these wetted topographic surfaces. We demonstrate that flagella are able to reach into crevices, access additional surface area, and produce a dense, fibrous network. Mutants lacking flagella show comparatively reduced adhesion. By varying substrate crevice sizes, we determine the conditions under which having flagella is most advantageous for adhesion. These findings strongly indicate that, in addition to their role in swimming motility, flagella are involved in attachment and can furthermore act as structural elements, enabling bacteria to overcome unfavorable surface topographies. This work contributes insights for the future design of antifouling surfaces and for improved understanding of bacterial behavior in native, structured environments.     

细菌性阴道病诊断方法的研究进展

细菌性阴道病是导致育龄期妇女白带异常的常见原因,未经治疗或治疗不及时可致多种并发症.目前细菌性阴道病病因尚不明确,诊断以Amsel临床标准或Nugent评分法为主,但均存在主观性较强、费时费力、需要有相应知识的技术人员操作的缺点.近年来对细菌性阴道病快速检测及分子生物学诊断研究有了较大进展,主要以细菌定量为诊断依据,尚需进一步检验其诊断效能,尚未广泛应用于临床.     

Bacterial adaptation to the gut environment favors successful colonization

Rodent models harboring a simple yet functional human intestinal microbiota provide a valuable tool to study the relationships between mammals and their bacterial inhabitants. In this study, we aimed to develop a simplified gnotobiotic mouse model containing 10 easy-to-grow bacteria, readily available from culture repositories, and of known genome sequence, that overall reflect the dominant commensal bacterial makeup found in adult human feces. We observed that merely inoculating a mix of fresh bacterial cultures into ex-germ free mice did not guarantee a successful intestinal colonization of the entire bacterial set, as mice inoculated simultaneously with all strains only harbored 3 after 21 d. Therefore, several inoculation procedures were tested and levels of individual strains were quantified using molecular tools. Best results were obtained by inoculating single bacterial strains into individual animals followed by an interval of two weeks before allowing the animals to socialize to exchange their commensal microbes. Through this procedure, animals were colonized with almost the complete bacterial set (9/10). Differences in the intestinal composition were also reflected in the urine and plasma metabolic profiles, where changes in lipids, SCFA, and amino acids were observed. We conclude that adaptation of bacterial strains to the host’s gut environment (mono-colonization) may predict a successful establishment of a more complex microbiota in rodents.     

Advancing the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein A for the treatment of intestinal disorders in humans

Intestinal immunity is subject to complex and fine-tuned regulation dictated by interactions of the resident microbial community and their gene products with host innate cells. Deterioration of this delicate process may result in devastating autoinflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which primarily comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Efficacious interventions to regulate proinflammatory signals, which play critical roles in IBD, require further scientific investigation. We recently demonstrated that rebalancing intestinal immunity via the surface layer protein A (SlpA) from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM potentially represents a feasible therapeutic approach to restore intestinal homeostasis. To expand on these findings, we established a new method of purifying bacterial SlpA, a new SlpA-specific monoclonal antibody, and found no SlpA-associated toxicity in mice. Thus, these data may assist in our efforts to determine the immune regulatory efficacy of SlpA in humans.