多项举措改善Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药物应用

目的评价某院采取多项举措干预Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期患者抗菌药物使用的效果,为抗菌药物合理应用提供依据。方法对2005-2012年该院每年4月份和10月份9 823例Ⅰ类切口手术患者进行回顾性调查,以2005年的数据为基线,2006-2012年采取培训、考核、监督、反馈及与相关部门合作等多项举措进行干预,比较干预前后抗菌药物使用情况。结果Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期患者抗菌药物使用合格率从2006年的14.20%提高至2012年的92.30%;2006-2009年抗菌药物联合用药率偏高（7.00%～9.00%）,2010-2012年呈下降趋势,2012年下降至3.20%。2006和2007年该院Ⅰ类切口手术预防使用抗菌药物种类与2005年（基线）基本相似,主要为头孢菌素类、青霉素及其复合制剂、氨基糖苷类;2008-2012年预防使用的主要抗菌药物是第一、二代头孢菌素,青霉素类及其复合制剂。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄（40～59岁）、科室（骨科、普通外科和眼科）和年份（2011和2012年）是抗菌药物使用合格与否的主要影响因素（均P＜0.05）。结论采取多项举措进行干预可提高Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药物使用合格率,减少使用抗菌药物种类,降低联合用药率。     

Antimicrobial second skin using copper nanomesh

The functional support and advancement of our body while preserving inherent naturalness is one of the ultimate goals of bioengineering. Skin protection against infectious pathogens is an application that requires common and long-term wear without discomfort or distortion of the skin functions. However, no antimicrobial method has been introduced to prevent cross-infection while preserving intrinsic skin conditions. Here, we propose an antimicrobial skin protection platform copper nanomesh, which prevents cross-infectionmorphology, temperature change rate, and skin humidity. Copper nanomesh exhibited an inactivation rate of 99.99% for Escherichia coli bacteria and influenza virus A within 1 and 10 min, respectively. The thin and porous nanomesh allows for conformal coating on the fingertips, without significant interference with the rate of skin temperature change and humidity. Efficient cross-infection prevention and thermal transfer of copper nanomesh were demonstrated using direct on-hand experiments.

The functional support and advancement of our body while preserving the inherent naturalness is one of the ultimate goals of bioengineering (1–4). A functional layer is placed on the skin to complement the intrinsic biological and interactive functions (5, 6) and to add functions that do not yet exist (7–9). During use, the second skin layer should completely exploit its function and underlay skin functions without deforming the skin or interfering with the skin’s external interaction. Materials and structures need to be conformal and mechanically similar to the skin to minimize the distortion of natural sensations and movements. In addition, the air and heat transfer on the skin must be unimpeded to obtain a natural and comfortable wear fit (10).Body protection that requires common and long-term wear is an application in which both functionality and naturalness are important. As the outermost layer connecting our body to the environment, the skin is exposed to physical damage, hazardous chemicals, and infectious pathogens (11, 12). Therefore, we add a protective layer on the skin that blocks or filters out external contaminants. This entails the isolation and accumulation of biochemical compounds, which can lead to self-contamination and the subsequent cross-contamination/infection by interacting with other objects. In contrast to chemical contamination, which is not self-reproductive, the biological contamination of infectious microbes, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a considerable issue to be addressed.By containing an antimicrobial material on the surface of the skin protective layer, cross-infection can be prevented in the long term. Unlike temporary rinsing or disinfection, the use of antibacterial or antiviral substances such as chemical or natural disinfectants and metal nanomaterials inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the surface (13–17). These materials are embedded in a complete covering polymer layer, such as gloves (18, 19), to isolate and protect both the inner and outer surfaces from the infection. To add breathability to the textile especially for the mask (13, 20, 21), many antibacterial fibers have been developed based on these materials. Moreover, various skin-attachable platforms with antimicrobial properties have been developed for convenient usage in daily lives. Antimicrobial nanofibers with conformal attachment to the skin have been developed for drug delivery, wound healing (22, 23), and electrophysiology (24, 25). In addition, stretchable and antibacterial hydrogels have been developed to allow more natural skin movement in wound-healing applications (26–28).However, there has been no practical skin protective solution to prevent cross-infection while preserving intrinsic skin conditions such as surface morphology, thermal transfer, and skin humidity. The thickening of the additional skin layer frequently results in a significant modification of the surface morphology, heat transfer, and the corresponding sensation. Thin layers have limited performance in terms of antimicrobial duration and speed. The skin coverage of polymer or hydrogel film blocks the transfer of air, moisture, and heat. In addition, the antimicrobial performance is focused on the skin side rather than the external side that affects cross-infection. Voids owing to the stiffness of the film or fiber and morphological differences compared to the skin further limit conformality, heat transfer, and water/air permeability (29).Here, we propose an antimicrobial skin protection platform copper nanomesh, which prevents cross-infection while minimizing modification of intrinsic skin properties such as interfacial morphology, temperature change rate, and skin humidity. The thin thickness and porous structure of the nanomesh allow conformal attachment to the fingertips, regardless of the mechanical and structural variations of the fingerprints, nails, and interfaces. To impart antimicrobial properties, copper, one of the most well-known antimicrobial (nano)materials (30–33), was coated with maintaining the nanomesh structure (copper nanomesh, from here onward). The measured inactivation rates of copper nanomesh against Escherichia coli bacteria and influenza virus A (H1N1) were 99.99% within 1 min and 10 min, respectively. It was found that the nanomesh structure contributed to the acceleration of bacterial inactivation compared to the copper film. Furthermore, it exhibited high biocompatibility with the skin cells and stable antibacterial performance even after long-term use (more than 6 h), including water immersion (more than 1 h).In addition, we investigated the naturalness of the copper nanomesh compared to that of the copper film and conventional gloves. As confirmed using the artificial skin and fingerprint recognition, the proposed copper nanomesh exhibited a higher conformability compared to that of the copper film. The copper nanomesh showed a high hydrophobicity to block external contaminants in solution while having high gas permeability and maintaining the skin humidity in a safe range. Additionally, the insertion of copper nanomesh did not affect the temperature change rate, which is important to maintain the sensation and comfort fit of the skin. Finally, the copper nanomesh was compared to the glove by wearing on our hands and interacting with various real-life objects. Using the proposed copper nanomesh, we successfully achieved an effective prevention of cross-infection and less-hindered thermal recognition of objects.     

某三级医院连续4年血培养分离菌构成及耐药性

目的了解血培养病原体的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对某院2008年1月-2011年12月间门诊及住院患者血培养标本分离的非重复病原体资料进行统计分析。结果670株血培养病原体中,革兰阴性杆菌306株（45.67％）,革兰阳性球菌329株（49.11％）,真菌35株（5.22%）;检出率居前3位的病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（23.88%）、大肠埃希菌（19.40%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（12.98%）。药敏结果显示,血流感染的多重耐药葡萄球菌对复方磺胺甲口恶唑、利奈唑胺及万古霉素的敏感性（耐药率为0～20.34%）高。革兰阴性杆菌（不动杆菌属除外）对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及阿米卡星的耐药率为0～27.27%;耐药率最高的革兰阴性菌为不动杆菌属。血培养真菌分离率较高的为近平滑假丝酵母菌（2.38%）及白假丝酵母菌（1.79%）。结论早期送血培养做病原学检查,重视血培养分离的多重耐药菌株并加强监测,可及时为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。     

某院2006—2008年临床主要病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的分析某院2006-2008年临床主要病原菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性变迁。方法常规分离、培养并鉴定细菌,采用纸片扩散法对细菌进行药敏试验。结果共分离病原菌3 499株,其中革兰阳性(G~+)菌844株(24.12%),革兰阴性(G~-)菌2 655株(75.88%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为60.29%(208/345);肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍然高度敏感,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株检出率分别为45.23%(403/891)和38.92%(130/334);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较高,分别为41.06%和34.52%,不动杆菌属细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率相对较低,分别为15.52%和31.90%。结论该院临床分离的病原菌中,MRSA与产ESBLs菌检出率较高;加强细菌耐药性监测有助于临床医生合理选择抗菌药物,防止耐药菌株的流行与传播。     

三黄地榆散对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用研究

目的 探讨三黄地榆散对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的抑制效果,为其临床应用提供依据.方法 首先制备中药含药血清用于体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)测定.然后建立烫伤大鼠感染多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌模型,分别给予西药硫酸庆大霉素和中药三黄地榆散灌胃,正常组和模型组灌胃等容量的无菌生理盐水;在给药后的第3、7、10天检测血液中炎性细胞和炎性因子的水平.结果 体外抑菌实验显示,三黄地榆散含药血清与庆大霉素对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的MIC、MBC均为512μg/mL.体内实验结果显示,与模型组比较均能显著下调大鼠血清WBC、IL-1β、TNF-α的水平(P<0.05).结论 三黄地榆散能抑制多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的生长,对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染烫伤大鼠治疗具有较好的疗效,机制可能与调节IL-1β、TNF-α水平有关.     

基于抗耐药性细菌感染的抗菌肽研究进展

随着抗生素的发现及滥用,耐药细菌感染已威胁到了人们的健康,现有抗生素已不能满足临床治疗的需求。因此,解决这一问题已迫在眉睫。本文针对耐药细菌的耐药机制及抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)这一新型广谱抗菌药物的研究进展进行了综述。     

几种昆虫抗菌肽对肿瘤细胞(K562)的作用研究

目的研究各种昆虫抗菌肽对肿瘤细胞的作用效果。方法对家蝇(Muscadomestica)幼虫、蛹及德国蜚蠊(Blattellagermanica)、美洲蜚蠊(Periplanetaamericana)若虫采用针刺感染大肠杆菌诱导产生抗菌肽,经研磨、层析提取其抗菌肽,并通过流式细胞仪测定各种抗菌肽对人髓样白血病细胞(K562)的作用。结果①抑菌圈显示所提取的各种抗菌肽均有一定的抑菌作用。所提抗菌肽浓度:家蝇幼虫6.51mg/ml,家蝇蛹4.08mg/ml,美洲大蠊6.93mg/ml,德国小蠊6.71mg/ml。②家蝇幼虫和蛹的抗菌肽对K562有一定的杀伤作用,而美洲蜚蠊和德国蜚蠊不仅不能杀伤K562,在某种程度上还有减少其死亡和促进其生长的作用。结论各种昆虫抗菌肽由于结构不同,因而功能也太不同。     

特殊生境真菌来源的新结构活性物质研究

真菌的物种与生态多样性导致了其次生代谢产物结构与活性的多样性,是药物先导化合物的重要来源之一.常规真菌来源活性物质的研究多是针对普通资源的盲筛,尽管通过高通量筛选能提高效率.但发现新活性物质的几率较低,成为制约先导化合物发现的瓶颈.由于特殊生境真菌资源的收集、整理以及培养的难度较大,制约了相关的研究,因而挖掘其代谢潜力...     

中国2017—2018年耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌药物敏感性及耐药基因分析

目的 分析中国耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)药物敏感性及耐药基因携带情况.方法 对北京大学临床药理研究所2017—2018年中国细菌耐药监测研究中收集的CRKP进行药敏试验,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及测序检测CRKP中碳青霉烯酶基因和其他广谱、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因携带情况.结果 共筛选出129株...