返乡农民工子女肺部流感嗜血杆菌感染流行病学特征

目的比较分析返乡农民工子女与本地常住农民子女肺部感染流感嗜血杆菌的耐药性差异,为临床感染防治提供依据。方法调查2012年1月—2015年6月于某院诊断为肺部感染并进行痰细菌培养的本地区农民子女,将痰标本中分离出流感嗜血杆菌的患者按照是否随父母外出务工生活和学习分为返乡农民工子女组和本地常住农民子女组,分析两组患者感染特点并比较两组患者检出流感嗜血杆菌的耐药率。结果共调查患者6 989例,痰标本中共检出流感嗜血杆菌635株,检出率9.09%;返乡农民工子女组流感嗜血杆菌肺部感染发病率高于本地常住农民子女组(12.11%vs 8.47%,P0.01)。流动区域分布中跨4个省市流动的有12例(占8.39%),跨3个省市流动的有24例(占16.78%);地域分布以广东省为主(92例,占31.40%),其次为浙江省(87例,占29.69%)、江苏省(66例,22.53%)。返乡农民工子女组与本地区农民子女组均以3周岁以内患者为主,感染时间均以1~3月为主。返乡农民工子女组痰标本检出的流感嗜血杆菌对头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢克洛、四环素、氯霉素、克拉霉素、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星的耐药率均较本地常住农民子女组高(均P0.05),产β-内酰胺酶率较本地常住农民子女组高(χ~2=24.35,P0.01)。结论返乡农民工子女组肺部感染患者检出的流感嗜血杆菌的耐药率高于本地常住农民子女组,其原因与其流动地区广,往返地域多,患者可通过呼吸道传播获得耐药性和往返地区的抗菌药物的使用习惯等因素有关。     

Early administration of appropriate antimicrobial agents to improve the outcome of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteraemic pneumonia

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex (CRABC) is an emerging pathogen that causes bloodstream infections and nosocomial pneumonia. This study aimed to describe severe infection associated with CRABC bacteraemic pneumonia and to investigate risk factors for 28-day mortality. All patients aged ≥18 years with CRABC bacteraemic pneumonia were enrolled retrospectively at five teaching hospitals in South Korea. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was defined as appropriate if administration of at least one antimicrobial agent, to which the causative pathogen was susceptible, for >48?h, within 5 days of the onset of bacteraemia. During the study period, 146 patients with CRABC bacteraemic pneumonia were enrolled. Among them, 128 (87.7%) patients were treated in the intensive care unit; of these, 110 (75.3%) had ventilator-associated pneumonia. A total of 42 patients (28.8%) received appropriate empirical therapy. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the appropriate and inappropriate empirical treatment groups. However, 28-day mortality was higher in the inappropriate therapy group (54.8% vs. 76.9%; P?=?0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score ≥20 [hazard ratio (HR)? =?1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.58; P?=?0.02], septic shock (HR?=?3.49, 95% CI 2.15–5.67; P?<0.001) and inappropriate empirical therapy (HR?=?3.24, 95% CI 1.94–5.42; P?<0.001) were independently associated with an adverse outcome. In conclusion, the mortality rate of CRABC bacteraemic pneumonia was extremely high. Appropriate empirical therapy might improve the outcome of patients with CRABC bacteraemic pneumonia.     

急诊科临床分离细菌耐药性分析

目的了解北京大学第一医院急诊科2012年至2015年临床分离细菌的分布及抗菌药物耐药情况。方法收集急诊科2012年至2015年临床分离的非重复细菌,用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,按照美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)2015标准判定药物敏感结果,用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果临床共分离1283株细菌,其中革兰氏阳性菌占30.6%,革兰氏阴性菌占69.4%。分离最多的前5位细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(18.4%),鲍曼不动杆菌(15.2%),金黄色葡萄球菌(13.3%),铜绿假单胞菌(12.7%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(8.8%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的平均检出率为75.6%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的平均检出率为83.1%,葡萄球菌中未发现对利奈唑胺、万古霉素耐药菌株。粪肠球菌对所测试的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均明显低于屎肠球菌。超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性大肠埃希菌的检出率为64.8%,克雷伯菌属细菌为40.5%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率分别为30.1%,28.4%,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率分别为83.5和83.0%。结论临床分离细菌对抗菌药物耐药性较高,MRSA、耐万古霉素肠球菌、泛耐药肠杆菌科细菌、泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌的检出率较高,给临床治疗带来一定挑战。     

Current and future treatment options for community-associated MRSA infection

Introduction: Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) represents a global epidemic which beautifully encapsulates the fascinating ability of bacterial organisms to adapt quickly on an evolutionary basis to the extreme selective pressure of antibiotic exposure. In stark contrast to Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), it has become apparent that CA-MRSA is less straight forward of a challenge in terms of controlling its transmission, and has forced clinicians to adjust empiric management of clinical syndromes such as skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) as well as pneumonia.

Areas covered: This review details the history and epidemiology of CA-MRSA, while covering both current and future treatment options that are and may be available to clinicians. The authors reviewed both historic and more recent literature on this ever-evolving topic.

Expert opinion: While development of new anti-MRSA agents should be encouraged, the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in the battle to stay ahead of the curve with regards to the ongoing control of the MRSA epidemic should be emphasised.     

Identifying emerging trends in antimicrobial resistance using Salmonella surveillance data in poultry in Spain

Despite of controls and preventive measures implemented along the food chain, infection with non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) remains one of the major causes of foodborne disease worldwide. Poultry is considered one of the major sources of NTS. This has led to the implementation of monitoring and control programmes in many countries (including Spain) to ensure that in poultry flocks infection is kept to a minimum and to allow the identification and monitoring of circulating NTS strains and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes. Here, we investigated the information from the monitoring programme for AMR in Salmonella from poultry in Spain in 2011–2017 to assess the diversity in phenotypic resistance and to evaluate the programme's ability to detect multi‐resistance patterns and emerging strains in the animal reservoir. Data on serotype and AMR to nine antimicrobials obtained from 3,047 NTS isolates from laying hens (n = 1,060), broiler (n = 765) and turkey (n = 1,222) recovered during controls performed by the official veterinary services and food business operators were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods in order to describe host and serotype‐specific profiles. Diversity and prevalence of phenotypic resistance to all but one of the antimicrobials (colistin) were higher in NTS from broiler and turkey compared with laying hen isolates. Certain combinations of serotype and AMR pattern (resistotype) were particularly linked with certain hosts (e.g. susceptible Enteritidis with laying hens, multi‐drug resistant (MDR) Derby in turkey, MDR Kentucky in turkey and broiler). The widespread presence of certain serotype‐resistotype combinations in certain hosts/years suggested the possible expansion of MDR strains in the animal reservoir. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the analysis of data from monitoring programmes at the isolate level to detect emerging threats and suggests aspects that should be subjected to further research to identify the forces driving the expansion/dominance of certain strains in the food chain.     

抗菌药物对解脲支原体的体外抗菌活性考察

目的：探讨抗菌药物对解脲支原体的体外抗菌活性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法：710例标本应用支原体培养鉴定及药敏试剂盒检测解脲支原体的体外抗菌活性.结果：阳性检出408例（57.5％）,其中单纯解脲支原体阳性301例（42.4％）,两种支原体混合阳性107例（15.1％）,对解脲支原体分离株的敏感性较高的依次为多西环素、交沙霉素为克拉霉素及阿奇霉素,敏感性较差的为四环素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星.结论：检测解脲支原体的耐药性,可为临床合理用药提供较重要的参考.     

运用PDCA循环对普外科Ⅰ类切口清洁手术围手术期预防用抗菌药物管理的成效及分析

目的探索PDCA循环对普外科Ⅰ类切口清洁手术围手术期抗菌药物预防应用的管理成效。方法抽取本院普外科2009年7月²010年6月Ⅰ类切口清洁手术病历作为对照组,2010年7月2010年6月Ⅰ类切口清洁手术病历作为对照组,2010年7月²011年6月、2011年7月2011年6月、2011年7月²012年6月、2012年7月2012年6月、2012年7月²013年6月Ⅰ类切口清洁手术病历分别作为管理组12013年6月Ⅰ类切口清洁手术病历分别作为管理组1³,应用PDCA循环管理抗菌药物的预防应用,采用卡方检验进行管理前后抗菌药物预防使用率、使用合理率及术后切口感染率的显著性检验,判断是否取得显著成效。结果通过PDCA循环管理,围手术期预防用抗菌药物使用率由99.23%下降至7.91%(χ2=13 890.16,P<0.001),使用合理率从0.77%上升至90.44%(χ2=13 571.10,P<0.001),术后切口感染率从0.77%下降至0.66%(χ2=7 547.58,P<0.001)。结论运用PDCA循环对普外科Ⅰ类切口清洁手术围手术期预防用抗菌药物进行管理,预防使用率显著下降,使用合理率显著上升,术后切口感染率显著下降,取得良好成效,今后应继续探索应用。