核桃多类型化学物质研究进展及产业开发现状与发展途径

核桃Juglans regia主要含有多糖、黄酮、酚酸、皂苷、酯和醌类等多种化合物,具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血糖等作用,不仅可用于药物或功能性食品的开发,在食品行业等领域也具有良好应用基础和市场前景,这些活性物质是核桃中极具开发潜能的资源性物质。本文针对核桃的化学成分及其药理作用进行系统梳理,并在此基础上对其产业应用与发展途径进行了分析,以期为我国核桃资源的开发利用提供依据。     

紫花地丁的抗菌活性分析

目的：通过抑菌试验,了解中药紫花地丁的乙醇和水提取物的抗菌活性。方法：采用试管比浊法测定其最小抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度;采用纸片扩散法测定乙醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌（分离）、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌的抗菌活性。结果：紫花地丁水提取物无抑菌活性,乙醇提取物对除绿脓杆菌之外的其他五种细菌均具有抗菌活性,且提取物浓度越高抑菌活性越强。     

2016年中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解2016年1-12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科住院患者感染的主要病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床感染患者抗生素的合理应用提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析2016年1-12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科住院患者感染的主要病原菌分布及其耐药性。结果 共分离出495株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌有312株,占63.03%,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌;共分离出革兰阳性菌180株,占36.37%,主要为粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌;共分离出真菌3株,占0.6%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林以及头孢唑啉的耐药率均大于80%,对厄他培南、美罗培南的耐药率较低。肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟、头孢唑啉、氨苄西林、哌拉西林的耐药率均在70%以上,而对厄他培南、美罗培南的耐药率为0。奇异变形杆菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、复方新诺明、四环素的耐药率在70%以上,未检出对阿米卡星、厄他培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢替坦、妥布霉素、亚胺培南耐药的菌株。铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、厄他培南、头孢曲松、头孢替坦、头孢唑林及呋喃妥因等抗生素耐药率为100%;未检出对氨曲南、美罗培南、哌拉西林、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶耐药的菌株。粪肠球菌对克林霉素、喹努普汀/达福普汀的耐药率为100%,未检出对呋喃妥因、氯霉素、替考拉宁、替加环素、万古霉素耐药的菌株。屎肠球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、利福平和青霉素G的耐药率为100%,未检出对利奈唑胺和替加环素耐药的菌株。表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100%,未检出对利奈唑胺、喹努普汀/达福普汀、替加环素、呋喃妥因和万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论 中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科患者感染病原菌中分离率最高的为革兰阴性菌,临床医师应根据药敏结果指导抗生素的应用,有效控制感染并且延缓耐药菌的产生。     

2013—2016年海口市第一八七医院四肢创伤性骨折感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的 探讨2013—2016年海口市第一八七医院四肢创伤性骨折感染病原菌的分布和耐药性情况,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 对海口市第一八七医院2013年3月—2016年3月收治的四肢创伤性骨折住院患者3841例进行回顾性分析,收集病原菌感染的83例患者的资料,对其病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果 共分离出病原菌89株,其中革兰阴性菌28株,构成比为31.46%,主要为大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和产气肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌61株,构成比为68.54%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和鸟肠球菌.大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、舒巴坦、超广谱β内酰胺酶、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉的耐药率为70.00%~100.00%;而对厄他培南、哌拉西林、丁胺卡那霉素、红霉素、亚胺硫霉素敏感.阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺硫霉素的耐药率为0.00%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率为25.00%~100.00%.革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌均对氨苄西林、达福普丁、利奈唑胺、替加环素、呋喃妥因敏感,表皮葡萄球菌还对环丙沙星敏感,耐药率为0.00%;两者对青霉素均不具有耐药性,耐药率为100.00%.此外,两者对其他的抗菌药物耐性率均不达50.00%.结论 海口市第一八七医院四肢创伤性骨折感染病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,临床应结合药敏试验,合理选用抗菌药物;同时要重视加强细菌耐药性的检测.     

某基层医院特殊级抗菌药物临床会诊回顾分析

目的：评估基层医院特殊级抗菌药物临床使用管理的效果。方法收集医院特殊级抗菌药物会诊记录,对32例患者年龄、感染疾病分布、病原学、疗效、抗菌药物选择等进行分析。结果50岁以上占84.38%,下呼吸道感染占78.13%,呼吸科和重症监护室（ICU）占68.75%,平均使用疗程6.45 d,细菌学疗效清除率37.04%,临床疗效有效率68.75%,特殊级抗菌药物使用有效干预率34.38%。结论医生多关注临床疗效,对细菌学疗效重视不够。临床药师可利用专业特长,参与特殊级抗菌药物会诊,优化抗感染治疗方案,减少药品不良反应及细菌耐药性产生,促进特殊级抗菌药物的合理使用。     

Antibacterial‐nanocomposite bone filler based on silver nanoparticles and polysaccharides

Injectable bone fillers represent an attractive strategy for the treatment of bone defects. These injectable materials should be biocompatible, capable of supporting cell growth and possibly able to exert antibacterial effects. In this work, nanocomposite microbeads based on alginate, chitlac, hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. The dried microbeads displayed a rapid swelling in contact with simulated body fluid and maintained their integrity for more than 30 days. The evaluation of silver leakage from the microbeads showed that the antibacterial metal is slowly released in saline solution, with less than 6% of silver released after 1 week. Antibacterial tests proved that the microbeads displayed bactericidal effects toward Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and were also able to damage pre‐formed bacterial biofilms. On the other hand, the microbeads did not exert any cytotoxic effect towards osteoblast‐like cells. After characterization of the microbeads bioactivity, a possible means to embed them in a fluid medium was explored in order to obtain an injectable paste. Upon suspension of the particles in alginate solution or alginate/hyaluronic acid mixtures, a homogenous and time‐stable paste was obtained. Mechanical tests enabled to quantify the extrusion forces from surgical syringes, pointing out the proper injectability of the material. This novel antibacterial bone filler appears as a promising material for the treatment of bone defects, in particular when possible infections could compromise the bone‐healing process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Targeting virulence not viability in the search for future antibacterials

New antibacterials need new approaches to overcome the problem of rapid antibiotic resistance. Here we review the development of potential new antibacterial drugs that do not kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, but combat disease instead by targeting bacterial virulence.     

Antibacterial activities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Antibacterial drug resistance is considered one of the biggest threats to human health worldwide, and the overuse of antibiotics accelerates this problem. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate novel methods to control MDR bacteria. In this study, 40 bacterial isolates were collected from diabetic patients. The sensitivity of 40 bacterial isolates to seven antibiotics was evaluated. Four bacterial isolates were resistant to all antibiotic groups. The MDR pathogenic bacteria were selected and identified morphologically and biochemically and confirmed by VITEK® 2 system as follows: Staphylococcus aureus W35, Pseudomonas aeruginosa D31, Klebsiella pneumoniae DF30, and K. pneumoniae B40. Identification of the most resistant P. aeruginosa D31 was confirmed by the sequencing of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene with an accession number (MW241596). The inhibitory activity of eight types of native grown plant extracts against MDR bacteria was studied. Clove alcoholic extract (CAE) showed the highest inhibitory activity against MDR bacteria. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of partially purified CAE at 0.9 Rf detected by thin-layer chromatography showed an active compound named hexadecenoic acid methyl ester with the highest antimicrobial effect against clinical pathogenic bacteria. The formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by CAE was studied. Evaluation of AgNPs was investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis, and transmission electron microscopy. The antibacterial effect of AgNPs after 2, 4, and 6 days in light and dark conditions was evaluated. Finally, the AgNPs synthesized using CAE possess good inhibition activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria. As a result, the bactericidal components listed above were promising in reducing MDR bacteria and can be used for treatments of bacterial infection and in the development of safe products with a natural base.