Fine particulate matter constituents and cardiopulmonary mortality in a heavily polluted Chinese city

Background: Although ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5; particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) has been linked to adverse human health effects, the chemical constituents that cause harm are unknown. To our knowledge, the health effects of PM_2.5 constituents have not been reported for a developing country.Objectives: We examined the short-term association between PM_2.5 constituents and daily mortality in Xi’an, a heavily polluted Chinese city.Methods: We obtained daily mortality data and daily concentrations of PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 10 water-soluble ions for 1 January 2004 through 31 December 2008. We also measured concentrations of fifteen elements 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2008. We analyzed the data using over-dispersed generalized linear Poisson models.Results: During the study period, the mean daily average concentration of PM_2.5 in Xi’an was 182.2 µg/m³. Major contributors to PM_2.5 mass included OC, EC, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. After adjustment for PM_2.5 mass, we found significant positive associations of total, cardiovascular, or respiratory mortality with OC, EC, ammonium, nitrate, chlorine ion, chlorine, and nickel for at least 1 lag day. Nitrate demonstrated stronger associations with total and cardiovascular mortality than PM_2.5 mass. For a 1-day lag, interquartile range increases in PM_2.5 mass and nitrate (114.9 and 15.4 µg/m³, respectively) were associated with 1.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8%, 2.8%] and 3.8% (95% CI: 1.7%, 5.9%) increases in total mortality.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PM_2.5 constituents from the combustion of fossil fuel may have an appreciable influence on the health effects attributable to PM_2.5 in Xi’an.     

应用SF-36量表研究集中空调通风系统对口岸从业人员健康的影响

目的研究在集中空调通风系统环境中长期工作对口岸从业人员健康的影响。方法以长期在集中空调通风系统环境中从事口岸饮食服务的女性194人(暴露组)、不在集中空调通风系统环境中从事饮食服务女性169人(非暴露组)为研究对象。使用SF-36量表,测试反映健康状况的各项指标。结果不同组研究对象的基本情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组的生理职能得分、精力得分、情感职能得分、精神健康得分、健康变化得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);暴露组躯体疼痛得分、一般健康状况得分、社会功能得分小于非暴露组(P<0.05)。结论长期在集中空调通风系统中工作可能会对口岸从业人员产生潜在的亚健康影响,应强化监督,采取科学的干预措施。     

中药黄藤GAP基地环境质量评价

目的黄藤种植基地生态环境质量进行评价。方法空气质量监测采用国家规定环境空气质量标准(GB3095-1966)及其分析方法进行分析,土壤环境检测按国家标准GB15618-1995(土壤环境质量标准)和YB-T-1-2003(药用植物绿色出口生产基地行业标准,增加五氯硝基苯、艾氏剂项目)的方法和要求进行。灌溉水质采用GB5084-92《农田灌溉水质标准》要求进行检测。结果黄藤种植基地大气质量达到GB3095-1996一级标准,水源质量达GB5084-92标准,土壤环境达GB15618-1995二级标准。结论广西上思县那琴乡黄藤种植基地环境质量良好,各生态条件适合黄藤生长,土壤含磷钾素较高,有利于黄藤的生长和有效成分的积累。符合药用植物绿色出口生产基地行业标准(YB-T-1-2003)的要求。     

伤病员空运后送护理与医学准备

通过分析空运情况下对伤病员影响的主要因素,提出了伤病员空运后送前医学准备的主要要求:维持伤病员生命体征的稳定;减少机上医疗护理操作;处置伤病员使其符合航空环境要求。指出伤病员空运后送前医学准备的主要内容包括:对伤病员进行分类,确定其空运后送的顺序;对伤病员进行更换敷料、包扎固定等一般性处置;针对不同的伤类、伤部和伤势进行特殊处置等。     

参莲方对颗粒物暴露致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的：观察参莲方对颗粒物(PM)暴露致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用并初步探究其保护机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为正常组、模型组、参莲方低、高剂量组(4.32、8.64 g·kg^-1)、罗氟斯特组(3.46 mg·kg^-1),每组10只。预给药灌胃1周后,于第8天和第11天除正常组滴注生理盐水外,其余组气管滴注PM混悬液建立PM暴露致大鼠急性肺损伤模型。造模后继续给药至实验结束。末次染毒48 h后检测大鼠肺功能。随后处死大鼠,观察肺部形态学变化,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测肺组织病理变化;免疫组化观察肺部CD68表达;酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测血清肺损伤标志物肺表面活性物质A(SP-A)、克拉氏细胞分泌蛋白16(CC16)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测肺组织炎症因子白细胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、IL-6、IL-18和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)mRNA表达。结果：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肺功能下降,肺组织出现明显组织结构损伤,并有明显的PM沉积和CD68阳性细胞浸润,肺组织炎症因子IL...     

PM2.5大气污染物致大鼠呼吸系统病理学变化

目的 探讨大气污染物对大鼠气管的病理学改变.方法 通过制备大气混合污染物的动物模型,即实验大鼠气管注入大气可吸入颗粒物( PM2.5)混悬液及动态吸入SO2、NO2、CO的空气混合气,观测染毒不同时期大鼠气管和肺泡的超微结构变化.结果 大鼠气管扫描电镜观察可见,随着染尘染毒剂量的增高,气管上皮纤毛粘连、紊乱;PM25对大鼠肺组织的损害比对气管上皮的损害严重得多,中剂量PM25染尘染毒30 d,可使肺纤维增生,肺泡腔变小,高剂量PM2.5染尘染毒30 d,可使肺泡上皮细胞脱落溶解,大鼠气管和肺组织透射电镜观察可见,中剂量染尘染毒后1d使肺泡上皮排列不规则;7 d肺泡上皮紧密连接消失;30 d肺泡上皮细胞溶解脱落.结论 大气污染物可引起大鼠气管纤毛的摆动功能减弱及丧失,导致其排出功能障碍.     

Effects of exposure to 0.06 ppm ozone on FEV1 in humans: a secondary analysis of existing data

BACKGROUND: Ozone is a potent photochemical oxidant that produces transient, reversible decrements in the lung function of acutely exposed individuals. A recent study provided previously unavailable clinical data for 30 healthy young adults exposed to O(3) at 0.06 ppm. That study showed significant effects of 0.08 ppm on lung function, confirming the findings of others. However, exposure to 0.06 ppm O(3) was not reported to significantly affect lung function. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this analysis to reevaluate the existing lung function data of the volunteers previously exposed to 0.06 ppm O(3). METHODS: We obtained pre- and postexposure data on forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) for all subjects who were previously exposed for 6.6 hr to filtered air or to 0.06 ppm or 0.08 ppm O(3). We used standard statistical methods appropriate for paired comparisons to reanalyze FEV(1) responses after exposure to 0.06 ppm O(3) relative to filtered air. RESULTS: Controlling for filtered air responses, 24 of the 30 subjects experienced an O(3)-induced decrement in FEV(1). On average, 0.06 ppm O(3) exposure caused a 2.85% reduction in FEV(1) (p < 0.002), which was consistent with the predicted FEV(1) response from existing models. Although the average response was small, two subjects had > 10% FEV(1) decrements. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to 0.06 ppm O(3) causes a biologically small but highly statistically significant decrease in mean FEV(1) responses of young healthy adults.     

2009年龙岩市宾馆(酒店)集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

[目的]了解龙岩市宾馆、酒店集中空调通风系统卫生状况,为预防集中空调通风系统传播传染性疾病提供科学依据.[方法]2009年7月,在龙岩市辖区内3家宾馆、9家酒店的集中式空调通风系统,用撞击法采集通风口空气,检测β-溶血性链球菌;在通风系统风管内的表面采集积尘,检测积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数.[结果]检测12套集中空调的...     

三种消毒方法对野战医院组室内空气消毒效果观察

目的观察不同消毒方法对野战传染病医院组室内空气消毒的效果.方法 分别采用过氧化氢气溶胶喷雾法,紫外线照射法和空气消毒净化器消毒法现场消毒,计算空气中自然菌的消亡率,比较了3种空气消毒方法对室内空气中自然菌消毒效果.结果 在室内无人条件下,3种空气消毒方法消毒处理60 min后,空气中细菌总数均在卫生标准规定范围内;而随...     

上海部分地铁站空调冷却塔水军团菌污染状况调查

[目的 ]了解上海部分地铁站军团菌污染状况。 [方法 ]应用优化检验技术对 2 0 0 1年 3～ 11月上海部分地铁站的 10 2件空调冷却塔水样进行军团菌的分离培养与鉴定。 [结果 ] 10 2件样品中分离出 46株军团菌 ,污染率为45 10 %。 [结论 ]上海部分地铁站军团菌污染情况较为严重 ,需引起重视以防止军团菌的爆发流行