基于物质基础评价不同干燥工艺对天舒胶囊质量的影响

从天舒胶囊所含化学成分的角度,考察热风循环干燥、喷雾干燥2种干燥方式对天舒胶囊质量的影响,运用UPLCDAD技术首次建立天舒胶囊UPLC指纹图谱,并通过UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对其主要成分进行鉴定,共鉴定出62个化合物,其中21个化合物为首次在天舒胶囊中被报道。实验表明这2种干燥方式对天舒胶囊中化学成分的种类无影响,但在部分成分的含量上有差别;且以10批热风循环干燥样品生成的共有模式作为对照图谱,喷雾干燥样品的指纹图谱相似度为0.877,2种干燥方式样品的指纹图谱相似程度很高。该研究首次采用UPLC-DAD技术结合UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术快速、全面、准确评价不同干燥方式下天舒胶囊化学成分的差异,为天舒胶囊质量评价提供依据。     

Inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction in the hearts of mice co‐exposed to SO2, NO2, and PM2.5

SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5 are typical air pollutants produced during the combustion of coal. Increasing evidence indicates that air pollution has contributed to the development and progression of heart‐related diseases over the past decades. However, little experimental data and few studies of SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5 co‐exposure in animals exist; therefore, the relevant mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear. An important characteristic of air pollution is that co‐exposure persists at a low concentration throughout a lifetime. In the present study, we treated adult mice with SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5 at various concentrations (0.5 mg/m³ SO₂, 0.2 mg/m³ NO₂ 6 h/d, with intranasal instillation of 1 mg/kg PM_2.5 every other day during these exposures; or 3.5 mg/m³ SO₂, 2 mg/m³ NO₂ 6 h/d, and 10 mg/kg PM_2.5 for 28 d). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), histopathological damage, and inflammatory and endothelial cytokines in the heart were assessed. The results indicate that co‐exposure caused endothelial dysfunction by elevating endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) expression and repressing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) level as well as stimulating the inflammatory response by increasing the levels of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Additionally, these alterations were confirmed by histological staining. Furthermore, we observed decreased BP and increased HR after co‐exposure. Our results indicate that co‐exposure to SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5 may be a major risk factor for cardiac disease and may induce injury to the hearts of mammals and contribute to heart disease. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1996–2005, 2016.     

Subgingival plaque removal in buccal and lingual sites using a novel low abrasive air-polishing powder

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of subgingival plaque removal in buccal and lingual sites during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) using a novel low abrasive air-polishing powder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 27 SPT patients, subgingival debridement was performed using the novel air-polishing powder (test) and hand instruments (positive control) in a randomized split mouth design. Before and immediately after treatment, subgingival plaque samples were taken from two teeth with pockets of 3-5 mm depth in both groups. To assess the influence of plaque sampling on the microflora, samples were also taken twice from two untreated teeth (negative control). The mean reduction in total colony forming units (CFU) was assessed by anaerobic culture. The patients' perception of treatment was assessed by a visual analog score (VAS). Therapy and plaque sampling were repeated after a 3-month interval. RESULTS: Test treatment resulted in a significantly greater reduction in mean CFU than positive control treatment (log 1.7+/-0.98 and log 0.61+/-0.79 respectively; p<0.05). Following both treatments, the CFU reduction was significantly greater compared to negative control treatment (log 0.06+/-0.49; p<0.05). In addition, test treatment was perceived as significantly more pleasant than hand instrumentation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The novel low abrasive air-polishing powder is superior to curettes in removing subgingival plaque from pockets of 3-5 mm depth in supportive periodontal therapy and offers greater patient comfort.     

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema after resolution of relapsing pneumothorax and discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. An atypical case in a preterm infant

Abstract

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a frequent complication in preterm-ventilated infants. These newborns have an increased risk of mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Various treatments for PIE have been proposed: high-frequency ventilation, postural therapy, selective bronchial intubation or surgery. We present an atypical case of a preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome complicated by pneumothorax, who after recovery and discontinuation of mechanical ventilation, developed unilateral PIE which was treated with selective bronchial intubation. Conclusions: Selective bronchial intubation and lung ventilation are therapeutic strategies which can promote the regression of PIE. Conservative approach should remain the first choice treatment of unilateral PIE in order to limit surgical procedures, while effort should be made to prevent this iatrogenic complication.     

Ethylenediamine: a possible cause of airborne urticaria and indoor air complaints

Ethylenediamine, a stabilizer in topical creams and a component of aminophylline (1), causes dermatitis and is a common sensitizer. Other related amines, such as monoamylamine and para-phenylenediamine, have caused urticaria. Except for 1 case report by Urbani (2), ethylenediamine is not a common cause of allergic urticaria (3, 4).     

The Effect of Environmentally Friendly Wallpaper and Flooring Material on Indoor Air Quality and Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study

Background

Formaldehyde (FA) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered among the main causes of atopic aggravation. Their main sources include wallpapers, paints, adhesives, and flooring materials.

Objective

To assess the effects of environmentally friendly wallpaper and flooring material on indoor air quality and atopic dermatitis severity.

Methods

Thirty patients with atopic dermatitis were enrolled in this study. To improve air quality, the wallpaper and flooring in the homes of the subjects were replaced with plant- or silica-based materials. The indoor air concentration of FA and the total VOCs (TVOCs) were measured before remodeling and 2, 6, and 10 weeks thereafter. Pruritus and the severity of atopic eczema were evaluated by using a questionnaire and the eczema area and severity index (EASI) score before and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after remodeling. The subjects were instructed to continue their therapy for atopic dermatitis.

Results

The houses of 24 subjects were remodeled; all subjects completed the study. The concentration of FA in ambient air significantly decreased within 2 weeks after remodeling. The TVOC level showed a decrease at week 2 but increased again at weeks 6 and 10. The reduction of pruritus and EASI score was statistically significant in patients whose baseline EASI score was >3.

Conclusion

Replacing the wallpaper and flooring of houses with environmentally friendly material reduced FA in ambient air and improved pruritus and the severity of atopic eczema. The improvement of pruritus and eczema was statistically significant in patients whose baseline EASI score was >3.     

The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates

Four different methods have been applied to estimate the burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use in developing countries (LDCs). The largest number of estimates involves applying exposure-response information from urban ambient air pollution studies to estimate indoor exposure concentrations of particulate air pollution. Another approach is to construct child survival curves using the results of large-scale household surveys, as has been done for India. A third approach involves cross-national analyses of child survival and household fuel use. The fourth method, referred to as the 'fuel-based' approach, which is explored in more depth here, involves applying relative risk estimates from epidemiological studies that use exposure surrogates, such as fuel type, to estimates of household solid fuel use to determine population attributable fractions by disease and age group. With this method and conservative assumptions about relative risks, 4-5 percent of the global LDC totals for both deaths and DALYs (disability adjusted life years) from acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, asthma, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and blindness can be attributed to solid fuel use in developing countries. Acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age are the largest single category of deaths (64%) and DALYs (81%) from indoor air pollution, apparently being responsible globally for about 1.2 million premature deaths annually in the early 1990s.     

Smoky coal,tobacco smoking,and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei,China

Objectives

Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei are the highest in China. In-home use of smoky coal has been associated with lung cancer risk, and the association of smoking and lung cancer risk strengthened after stove improvement. Here, we explored the differential association of tobacco use and lung cancer risk by the intensity, duration, and type of coal used.

Materials and methods

We conducted a population-based case-control study of 260 male lung cancer cases and 260 age-matched male controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for tobacco use was calculated by conditional logistic regression.

Results

Use of smoky coal was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, and tobacco use was weakly and non-significantly associated with lung cancer risk. When the association was assessed by coal use, the cigarette-lung cancer risk association was null in hazardous coal users and elevated in less hazardous smoky coal users and non-smoky coal users. The risk of lung cancer per cigarette per day decreased as annual use of coal increased (>0–3 tons: OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.17; >3 tons: OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95–1.03). Among more hazardous coal users, attenuation occured at even low levels of usage (>0–3 tons: OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.91–1.14; >3 tons: OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.97–1.03).

Conclusion

We found evidence that smoky coal attenuated the tobacco and lung cancer risk association in males that lived in Xuanwei, particularly among users of hazardous coal where even low levels of smoky coal attenuated the association. Our results suggest that the adverse effects of tobacco may become more apparent as China's population continues to switch to cleaner fuels for the home, underscoring the urgent need for smoking cessation in China and elsewhere.