Long‐term outcomes of microsurgical reconstruction for large tracheal defects

BACKGROUND:

Reconstruction of large tracheal defects has been largely unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to review the authors' experience with microsurgical reconstruction of these defects.

METHODS:

Seven cases of microsurgical tracheal reconstruction were performed between May 2002 and April 2008. All but 1 patient had recurrent thyroid cancer; the other patient had primary adenocystic carcinoma of the trachea. The radial forearm free flap was used for lining in all cases. Rigid support was provided with a variety of prosthetic materials.

RESULTS:

All defects involved the cervical trachea, with an average length of 5.8 cm ± 1.0 cm (range, 5 cm‐7.5 cm). The width of defects ranged from half of the tracheal circumference to the entire circumference. Major complications included air leak in 4 patients, exposure and removal of prosthesis in 2 patients, and cardiopulmonary complications in 2 patients. One patient with postoperative retroperitoneal hematoma, abdominal compartment syndrome, and multiple organ failure died 2 months after surgery. Two patients died of other causes 1 year and 4 years, respectively, after surgery. The other 4 patients were alive and disease free, with follow‐up ranging from 1 to 4.5 years. Four patients are asymptomatic, with normal speech and swallowing functions. Two patients remained tracheostomy dependent, but vocal ability was intact. All patients tolerated a regular diet.

CONCLUSIONS:

Microsurgical reconstruction is a viable option in selected patients with large cervical tracheal defects that are beyond primary repair. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Theatre etiquette, sterile technique and surgical site preparation

Human error and surgical site infections (SSIs) pose a considerable threat to the surgical patient. Much research has been directed at decreasing the incidence of both staff error and SSIs within the operating theatre to reduce patient morbidity and mortality. This article examines the techniques recommended for the creation of a safe operating environment, and the evidence behind the strategies for reducing the risk of SSI by thorough patient preparation, the use of good sterile technique and surgical site preparation.     

Fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and infancy and incident asthma

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搏动性耳鸣与颞骨蜂房气化程度关系的体外实验研究

目的研究搏动性耳鸣与颞骨蜂房气化程度关系。方法通过体外实验模拟乙状窦静脉声的产生、传导,并对鼓膜处接收到的声信号进行时域和时频域分析。结果骨板缺损时,所有蜂房的静脉声都有高声压、脉动性。气化一般蜂房静脉声声压最高。骨板完整时,所有蜂房的静脉声脉动性微弱,且声压接近背景声。不同气化程度蜂房接收到的静脉声脉动性频段各不相同。结论气化一般蜂房的静脉声放大效果最好,气化不足蜂房对静脉声的放大效果最差。颞骨蜂房气化程度不是导致致病静脉声的充分或必要条件。乙状窦沟骨板缺损是导致致病静脉声的充分条件。     

Efficacy of an air-cleaning device equipped with a high efficiency particulate air filter in house dust mite respiratory allergy

The efficacy of an air-cleaning device equipped with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter (without further avoidance measures) was studied in patients allergic to house dust mite. The effects of the air-cleaner on indoor Dermatophagoides sp. levels, symptom score and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in nine mite-allergic patients were assessed using a cross-over controlled study. No significant effect was demonstrated on indoor Dermatophagoides sp. levels when comparing the period of air-cleaner activity (2 months) with the control period (2 months). The Dermatophagoides sp. levels in the houses studied were lower than the risk level for asthmatic attacks, making it difficult to assess any effect on asthma; however, neither bronchial hyperresponsiveness nor rhinitis symptom score were changed by air-cleaner activity. During the trial period, however the mean level of Dermatophagoides sp. allergen in the houses changed spontaneously from 4.4 micrograms/g (mean level in the first 2 trial months) to 1.75 micrograms/g of dust (second 2 months) (P less than 0.05). Owing to this change, the mean rhinitis symptom score also decreased (P less than 0.05), even if no significant correlation was demonstrated (r = 0.4 P = 0.089). HEPA filter air-cleaners appear insufficient as substitutes for standard avoidance measures in mite allergic patients.     

Ventilatory and upper-airway resistance responses to upper-airway cooling and CO2 in anaesthetised rats

The effects of upper airway (UA) cool air and CO₂ on breathing and on laryngeal and supraglottic resistances were studied in anaesthetised rats breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy. Warm, humidified air containing 0, 5 and 9–10% CO₂ and cool, room-humidity air were delivered at constant flow to either the isolated larynx to exit through a pharyngotomy or to the supraglottic UA to exit through the mouth and/or nose (nose open or sealed). Spontaneous tracheal airflow and UA airflows, temperatures and pressures were recorded. CO₂ had no effect on breathing but caused a slight increase in laryngeal resistance which was abolished by cutting the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN). Cool air caused a decrease in respiratory frequency and/or peak inspiratory flow when applied to the isolated larynx or to the supraglottic airway with the nose closed. These effects were abolished by SLN section. With the nose open, the ventilatory inhibition was not abolished by SLN section. Cool air also caused substantial decreases in laryngeal and supraglottic resistances which were attenuated by SLN section and which persisted following recurrent laryngeal nerve section. In conclusion, whilst UA cooling inhibits breathing and decreases UA resistances, UA CO₂ has minimal effects.     

Serum levels of total IgE in non-allergic children

The purpose of this study was to establish the range of total serum IgE in a healthy population lacking personal and family history of allergy, as well as the influence of genetic factors (family history of allergy), environmental factors (degree of air pollution), age, and sex on the serum IgE levels. Using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (Phadezym IgE Prist) the mean serum level of IgE was determined in 363 non-atopic children from 0 to 12 years of age. The geometric mean of serum IgE increased according to age, indicating a positive correlation between both. Higher mean values of serum IgE were found for children with a family history of allergy, than for children without (27.82 and 14.49 U/ml respectively). The percentage of variation due to age was about 94.5% in children with no family history of allergy. The mean value of serum IgE increased with the degree of air pollution in the living area (15.49 U/ml in non-polluted areas, 20.78 U/ml in very polluted areas). However, the influence of air pollution was smaller than the influence of family history on the mean values of serum IgE. The mean value of serum IgE was not modified by sex.     

广州市部分医疗单位手术室空气消毒效果监测结果分析

目的预防和减少医院手术感染的发生。方法2008年对本市60家省级、市级及厂企医院手术室空气,用直径9厘米普通琼脂平板和血琼脂平板,采用静态自然沉降暴露法进行菌落总数、致病菌监测。结果采集的103份样品中有28份菌落总数项目超标,全部样品未检出致病菌,总合格率为72.8%。洁净手术室合格率为71.4%,普通手术室合格率为75.0%,两者合格率无统计学差异。上半年检测合格率为83.7%,下半年检测合格率为62.9%,两者相比差异有统计学意义。结论我市部分医院洁净手术室需要加强管理及制定相关的洁净手术室和非洁净手术室日常维护和检测规范,提高手术室空气卫生质量以减少医院感染的发生。     

综合医院手术部洁净空调系统设计思路探讨

结合工程实例,对手术室洁净空调系统设计中系统划分、设备选择、气流组织、系统控制和节能措施等方面进行深入探讨。介绍了笔者在手术室空调系统设计中的主要思路：高级别手术室（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）空调系统独立设置;手术室空调系统采用二次回风来代替再热过程,实现节能;手术部的新风系统集中设置;洁净手术室室内送风口集中布置在手术台上方,使手术台及其周边区位于洁净气流形成的主流区内。     

空气灌肠整复小儿急性肠套叠139例分析

目的:观察间歇性空气灌肠在小儿急性肠套叠的应用效果,探讨影响其整复成功率的因素。方法:对139例应用空气灌肠整复肠套叠患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:整复成功127例,不成功12例。一次整复成功113例,二次整复成功11例,三次整复成功7例,其中6例发生肠复套4例整复成功。病程24 h、24～48 h、48 h者整复率分别为96.55%、72.22%和2/5,套头位于肝曲近侧者、横结肠中段至脾曲者和降结肠至乙状结肠者的整复率分别97.56%、87.50%和70.59%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:空气灌肠是小儿急性肠套叠主要的诊治方法,疗效安全、可靠,整复成功率随病程的延长、套叠程度的加深而降低。