郑州市地铁一号线空气质量状况调查分析

目的了解郑州市地铁一号线运营前的空气质量现状,为地铁运营提供卫生管理依据和建议。方法根据国家有关法规、卫生标准,采用国家标准规定的检验检测方法,随机抽取郑州市地铁一号线5个站点的公共场所卫生进行现场与实验检测分析,评价其是否符合国家卫生标准。结果站厅、站台和车厢的部分监测点温度、可吸入颗粒物、空气细菌总数、噪声不合格:(1)站厅、站厅和车厢的少数监测点温度低于标准;(2)可吸入颗粒物超标情况比较严重,超标率车厢大于站厅(93.33%)、站台(93.33%);(3)空气细菌总数超标率站台(26.67%)大于站厅(23.33%)、车厢(8.33%);(4)噪声超标率车厢(50.00%)大于站厅(23.33%)、站台(23.33%);其他检测分析项目均符合国家卫生标准。站台、站台各项指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)结论郑州市地铁一号线运营前公共场所存在一些卫生问题,有待改进。部分站点外围施工尚未完成,是导致可吸入颗粒物及微生物超标的重要原因。外围污染主要通过中央空调进入室内,加强地铁站空调系统卫生管理对于确保室内空气质量有积极意义。     

南通市公共场所集中空调通风系统污染状况调查

目的了解南通市区集中空调通风系统污染情况,为加强卫生管理提供依据。方法 2011-2012年随机抽取南通市使用集中空调通风系统的大型商场、超市、宾馆及医院,共计44家,对送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数和冷却水中嗜肺军团菌进行检测。结果 44家集中空调通风系统的公共场所细菌总数合格率为96.7%,真菌总数合格率为97.7%,积尘量合格率为92.6%,PM10合格率为100.0%;2011年检测16家,合格率87.5%,2012年检测26家,合格率为84.6%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2011年共采集17份冷却水,嗜肺军团菌检出率为11.8%;2012年采集22份,检出率为36.4%,平均检出率为25.6%,两年差异无统计学意义(P0.05);经过清洗的公共场所合格率为100.0%,而未经清洗的公共场所合格率为66.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论公共场所集中空调通风系统仍存在卫生问题,使用单位应加强清洗消毒和卫生管理,监督部门应加强卫生监督。     

血液透析设备连续性空气注入速度的试验方法

本文主要介绍了血液透析设备连续性空气注入速度的试验装置及试验方法,并阐述了该试验方法有效性的验证过程及结果。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中三苯方法的改进

气相色谱法对空气中三苯进行检测的技术方法,是对三苯使用方法进行控制的重要措施,尤其是其中的毛细管柱气相色谱法在测定中的应用。本文根据气相色谱法测定空气中三苯方法的实际应用情况,对其改进方法进行了介绍和分析,旨在能够促进气相色谱法在对三苯进行测定工作中的应用实用性和科学性。     

煤矿区大气污染与儿童呼吸道疾病住院人数的时间序列分析

目的评价神木县大气污染与儿童呼吸道感染住院人数的关系。方法收集2009年11月至2012年10月间神木县的气象因素（气温、相对湿度）和环境因素：二氧化硫（SO,）、二氧化氮（NO：）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）,以及16岁及以下儿童的住院资料。利用SAS9．3对气象、环境因素和住院人数资料进行描述性分析,并判断主要污染物。利用R3．0．1统计软件的建立Poisson回归的广义相加模型,引入大气污染物浓度及气象因素拟合线性模型,并考虑其滞后效应,评价主要大气污染物对儿童呼吸道感染住院的相对危险度。结果神木县的首要污染物为PM10,PM10与空气污染指数（API）的相关系数为0．917,P〈0．01。在控制了长期趋势、“星期几效应”、气象因素及其它污染物的影响后发现,首要大气污染物PM10浓度每上升10μg／m3时,每日呼吸道感染住院患儿的上呼吸道相对危险度（RR）及其95％可信区间（95％cx）为1．002（0．996～1．007）,t=0．589,P=0．556;下呼吸道为1．000（0．995～1．005）,t=-0．007,P=0．995。当日或滞后1～10日内PM10浓度变化均不能显著改变儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院率。结论神木县首要污染物PM10浓度变化对儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院情况无明显影响。     

Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model

Black carbon (BC) is increasingly recognized as a significant air pollutant with harmful effects on human health, either in its own right or as a carrier of other chemicals. The adverse impact is of particular concern in those developing regions with high emissions and a growing population density. The results of recent studies indicate that BC emissions could be underestimated by a factor of 2–3 and this is particularly true for the hot-spot Asian region. Here we present a unique inventory at 10-km resolution based on a recently published global fuel consumption data product and updated emission factor measurements. The unique inventory is coupled to an Asia-nested (∼50 km) atmospheric model and used to calculate the global population exposure to BC with fully quantified uncertainty. Evaluating the modeled surface BC concentrations against observations reveals great improvement. The bias is reduced from −88% to −35% in Asia when the unique inventory and higher-resolution model replace a previous inventory combined with a coarse-resolution model. The bias can be further reduced to −12% by downscaling to 10 km using emission as a proxy. Our estimated global population-weighted BC exposure concentration constrained by observations is 2.14 μg⋅m⁻³; 130% higher than that obtained using less detailed inventories and low-resolution models.Black carbon (BC), or soot, emitted from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels is an air pollutant which also plays an important role in climate change (1). BC is an indicator of air particulate pollution and BC in ambient air has an impact on human health (2). In a recent study in China, it was found that the effects of BC on morbidity appear to be more robust than the effects of fine particles in general (3, 4).However, global atmospheric aerosol models often underestimate the concentration of BC at the surface, particularly over Asia, by a factor that typically ranges from 2 to 10 (5–7). In one study, the observed BC surface concentration for China could only be reproduced by doubling the emissions prescribed to a transport model (8). It is often argued that the underestimation is due to a low bias in BC emission inventories, suggesting a need to revisit these previous inventories (9).In a bottom-up approach, BC emission is estimated based on the amount of fuel consumed and an emission factor (EF_BC, defined as the amount of BC emitted per unit mass of fuel consumed) for each of various combustion sources. For previous inventories, the lack of EF_BC measurements in developing countries led to high uncertainty in estimating the total emissions (10). In addition, the use of fuel data at the national level is likely to distort the geographical distribution of emissions within large countries such as China and India (11). Recently, a 0.1° × 0.1° fuel database with 64 types of combustion has been developed based on local or national fuel consumption statistics. This database improves the resolution of the spatial distribution of emissions for large countries (12). To fill the data gap in developing countries, a set of EF_BC values has been compiled for various residential solid fuel combustion devices and vehicles (13–20). In addition to the problems with the emission inventories, the coarse resolution of existing global aerosol models also hinders our ability to capture detailed spatial variation, leading to poor agreement between model prediction and observations (7).In this study we develop and evaluate a unique global BC emission inventory using a zoomed aerosol model, and estimate the global population’s exposure to BC with a focus on Asia. The influence of model resolution and the use of an updated emission inventory on the calculated BC concentration are evaluated against field observations.     

Particulate air pollution and susceptibility to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis disease in North Carolina: an ecological study

Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), environmental factors may influence disease progression. Ecologic studies conducted in countries outside the USA with high levels of air pollution and PTB have suggested a link between active disease and ambient air pollution. The present investigation is the first to examine the ambient air pollution-PTB association in a country, where air pollution levels are comparatively lower. We used Poisson regression models to examine the association of outdoor air pollutants, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 with rates of PTB in North Carolina residents during 1993–2007. Results suggest a potential association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) and PTB disease. In view of the high levels of air pollution and high rates of PTB worldwide, a potential association between ambient air pollution and tuberculosis warrants further study.     

变压吸附制氧设备部分理化性能检测方法的研究

目的 变压吸附（pressure swing adsorption,PSA）设备制备的富氧空气主要用于临床治疗,必须通过质量控制以保证患者安全,但目前行业标准“YY 0298-1998”中对PSA制氧设备制备的氧气的部分理化指标的检测方法描述并不清楚.本文针对PSA设备制备的富氧空气的理化指标中,CO含量、CO2含量、固体物质含量和固体物质粒径4个项目的检测方法做了适当调整并进行验证.方法 通过优化气路解决了现行标准中无法同时检测CO和CO2的问题,提高了检测效率.采用注射器滤头替代粉尘捕集器进行固体物质含量的检测,并结合倒置显微镜对其粒径进行了考察.结果 CO最小检出限为0.1×10^-6（体积分数）,CO2最小检出限为0.08×10^-6（体积分数）,能够满足标准中对CO和CO2含量检测的规定,符合方法学验证的要求.样品中固体物质含量为小于0.1 mg/m^3、最大固体物质粒径为4.00 μm,均符合YY 0298-1998中的要求.结论 本文在现行标准的基础上优化试验方案并对PSA设备制备的富氧空气进行检测,得到了较为满意的结果,对评价PSA设备质量具有重要的实际意义.