Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b tetanus conjugate vaccine when administered separately or mixed with concomitant diphtheria-tetanus-toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine for primary and for booster immunizations

With an increasing number of new vaccines available for routine childhood immunization, combination vaccines are needed in order to maintain or achieve a high compliance with recommended immunization programmes. In a prospective, randomized, comparative, multi-centre study, 822 healthy infants were enrolled to receive three doses of either a candidate or a commercially available Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine concomitantly with diphtheria-, tetanus- acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. Study subjects were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: (1) separate, or (2) mixed injection of DTaP and candidate Hib vaccine, or (3) separate injection of DTaP and commercial Hib vaccine. One year later the first 189 study subjects received either separate or mixed injections of the same Hib and DTaP vaccines as booster doses. Evaluation of reactogenicity was based on diary cards completed by parents. Immunogenicity was documented by measuring IgG antibody concentrations in serum samples taken before and 4 weeks after primary and booster vaccination. No serious adverse events occurred and most local and systemic reactions were mild to moderate. Booster doses were more reactogenic than primary doses with all groups. Antibody concentrations against pertussis antigens were similar to those seen with DTaP alone. All but one subject had protective antibody concentrations against diphtheria and tetanus. Primary immune response to the Hib vaccine was significantly lower in the group receiving the mixed Hib-DTaP vaccine, however, ≥95% of vaccinees had anti-Hib antibody concentrations ≥0.15 μg/ml and there was a marked booster response (>100-fold) in all groups. Conclusions Mixing DTaP and Hib vaccines for primary immunization caused a decrease in anti-Hib antibody response, although after primary immunization as after booster doses, all subjects showed antibody concentrations considered to be protective for invasive Hib disease. Mixing of the vaccines did not result in increased reactogenicity. Received: 13 June 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 4 September 1997     

Factors associated with intention to receive vaccines for bacterial sexually transmitted infections among young HPV-vaccinated Canadian women

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the acceptability of bacterial STI vaccines among young HPV-vaccinated Canadian women to inform future vaccine program implementation.MethodsA 20-item cross-sectional questionnaire was administered from June 2019 to June 2020 to HPV-vaccinated participants of the pan-Canadian QUEST cohort. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed interest in chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea vaccines using a priori variables and factors significant in bivariate analysis.ResultsOf the 1092 respondents analyzed, 82% indicated interest in receiving one or more future STI vaccines. Respondents had a median age of 19.6 years (range 16.9–23.4), and 75% of respondents identified as white/European descent. In adjusted analyses, intent to engage in positive health behaviours was associated with vaccine interest for syphilis (OR = 5.76, 95% CI 4.03–8.27), chlamydia (OR = 5.27, 95% CI 3.66–7.63), and gonorrhea (OR = 5.96, 95% CI 4.15–8.60). Willingness to pay for an STI vaccine was also associated with vaccine interest for syphilis (OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.29–3.19), chlamydia (OR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.50–3.90), and gonorrhea (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.44–3.63). Ever having sexual intercourse and identifying as LGBTQ were significantly associated with vaccine interest for all infections, while age and ever being immunosuppressed were not significant in any adjusted models.ConclusionFindings indicate over 80% of participants in a cohort of young HPV-vaccinated Canadian women are interested in receiving future bacterial STI vaccines. Further exploration of STI vaccine acceptability among diverse populations is required to inform future bacterial STI vaccine program implementation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.17269/s41997-022-00648-2.     

New‐onset fulminant type 1 diabetes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: A case report

Fulminant type 1 diabetes is characterized by a rapid progression of insulin deficiency triggered by viral infection. Here, we report a case of a 45‐year‐old Japanese woman with fulminant type 1 diabetes that developed 8 days after receiving messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. She had been healthy and had no symptoms suggestive of viral infection before the vaccination. Laboratory tests showed exhaustion of insulin secretion and negative results for islet autoantibodies. Human leukocyte antigen genotype analysis showed the DRB1*04:05 and DQB1*04:01 alleles. This is the first case report of new‐onset fulminant type 1 diabetes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination, and suggests that a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine might trigger the onset of fulminant type 1 diabetes in susceptible individuals. However, a causal relationship remains to be identified, and further studies are required to determine the incidence of such cases.     

Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is attributed to 15 high-risk oncogenic HPV among the 120 genotypes present in human. The infection affects about 3 out of 4 women and is often transient thanks to immunological modulators leading to viral clearance. This characteristic made it possible to develop vaccines. Prophylactic vaccines are made of virus-like particles L1, non infectious, well tolerated and highly immunogenic. They prevent from viral infection by producing antibodies, which are secreted throughout the genital mucosa (humoral immunity). High-risk oncogenic HPV-16 and 18, responsible for 70% of cervical cancer, are included in Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines prevent from HPV infection and related cervical and perineal lesions in more than 90% of the cases. Therapeutic vaccines are made of epitope peptides, recombinant proteins and bacteria, plasmid DNA or dendritic cells. All sensitize immunocompetent cells (cellular immunity). Ineffective in cervical cancers, they induce the regression of cervical dysplasia in about 50% of the cases. They are still under research and development, in opposition to prophylactic vaccines, which are available.     

浙江省某山区县留守儿童与非留守儿童监护人预防接种知信行调查

目的 了解浙江省某经济欠发达山区县留守与非留守儿童监护人预防接种的知识、态度和行为现况,为改善欠发达地区预防接种现状提供参考信息。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,在该山区县随机抽取4个乡镇,共计12个行政村,通过问卷调查当地0~6周岁留守儿童与非留守儿童监护人对预防接种的知识、态度和行为。结果 调查共完成有效问卷416份,其中留守儿童家庭97户,非留守儿童家庭319户。71.13%留守儿童的监护人是(外)祖父母,55.67%留守儿童监护人的文化水平为小学及以下。17.18%留守儿童监护不了解预防接种的作用(P=0.002),81.44%留守儿童监护人不知道接种单位咨询电话(P<0.001)。55.67%留守儿童和60.82%非留守儿童监护人认为选择替代苗的主要影响因素是接种反应。11.36%留守儿童到达接种地点时长大于30分钟(P=0.016)。儿童监护人获得预防接种知识主要途径为接种单位,占32.70%。结论 浙江省山区留守儿童监护人对预防接种方面的知识掌握和行为情况亟待提高,尤其应针对文化程度偏低的留守儿童监护人群制定相应的干预策略。     

Timeliness and completeness of measles vaccination among children in rural areas of Guangxi,China: A stratified three-stage cluster survey

Background

Large-scale outbreaks of measles occurred in 2013 and 2014 in rural Guangxi, a region in Southwest China with high coverage for measles-containing vaccine (MCV). This study aimed to estimate the timely vaccination coverage, the timely-and-complete vaccination coverage, and the median delay period for MCV among children aged 18–54 months in rural Guangxi.

永州市2003—2005年儿童计划免疫接种率调查

目的了解儿童计划免疫现状,为加强计划免疫工作,有效提高接种质量提供依据。方法采取分层随机抽样的方法在全市11个县区每县区抽查4个行政村和1个农贸市场,每村场调查10～30名规定范围的儿童。连续3年。结果BCG、OPV、DPT、MV四苗全程接种率在2003、2004、2005年调查中分别为65.20%、75.54%、91.73%;各单苗接种率由2003年的不足85%提高到2005年的95%;建卡率、建证率和卡疤率也提高到90%以上。结论数据显示,三年来,儿童计划免疫状况得到了改善,各指标逐年提高,到2005年都达到了或接近了90%,但还存在不足。     

我国部分地区人群中水痘-带状疱疹病毒流行率

本文首次报导我国部分城市居民中水痘－带状疱疹病毒（Ｖａｒｉｃｅｌａ－ｚｏｓｔｅｒｖｉｒｕｓ，ＶＺＶ）血清学流行率。标本来自上海、北京、大连、广州和成都市１～４５岁人群，共收集血清３０７６人份。用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测。结果显示，我国部分人群中ＶＺＶ抗体阳性率平均为６８７６％，年龄别流行率在１～３岁、４～６岁、７～１３岁和３６～４５岁组，分别为１５９６％、４９９０％、６９９４％和９３１２％。此结果将为我国ＶＺＶ疫苗免疫中免疫对象的选择提供科学依据     

Immunisation with recombinant proteins subolesin and Bm86 for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry

Dermanyssus gallinae has a worldwide distribution and is considered to be the most serious and economically significant ectoparasite affecting egg-laying poultry in Europe. Recombinant Bm86 and subolesin proteins derived from Boophilus microplus ticks and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes were used to immunise poultry in an attempt to control D. gallinaein vitro. Immunisation with subolesin and Bm86 stimulated different profiles of IgY response, whilst Bm86 but not subolesin was recognized by IgY on western blots. Orthologues for Bm86 were not found in D. gallinae by PCR, but a 150 bp fragment aligned with mammalian akirin 1 and a 300 bp fragment aligned with Amblyomma hebraeum were amplified by subolesin PCR. D. gallinae mortality after feeding was 35.1% higher (P = 0.009) in the Subolesin group and 23% higher (not significant) in the Bm86 compared to the Control group. Thus it can be concluded that immunisation with recombinant subolesin can stimulate a protective response in laying hens against D. gallinae.     

台州市2018/2019年度社区老年人接种流感疫苗的保护效果

目的评估台州市2018/2019年度社区老年人接种三价灭活流感疫苗(TIV)的保护效果(VE)。方法运用前瞻性队列研究设计,招募接种和未接种TIV的≥60岁社区老年人随访6个月,观察流感样疾病(ILI)、因ILI就诊、因ILI或肺炎住院、因呼吸或循环系统疾病住院4种临床结局,计算TIV的VE。结果 TIV接种组、未接种组分别纳入研究对象1 048名、1 025名。接种TIV后1-3月预防4种临床结局的VE(95%CI)分别为-25.1(-80.4-13.2)%、-33.1(-99.2-11.1)%、35.8(-124.9-81.7)%和-12.6(-229.2-61.5)%;接种TIV后4-6月分别为25.5(-7.5-48.4)%、35.1(3.0-56.5)%、1.4(-249.1-72.1)%和-11.5(-240.9-63.5)%;接种TIV后1-6月分别为5.9(-24.2-28.7)%、11.6(-18.9-34.3)%、21.7(-99.2-69.2)%和-13.9(-155.5-49.2)%。结论台州市2018/2019年度社区老年人接种TIV对预防ILI病例发病、就诊和相关住院具有一定的保护效果。