Strict Closed-System Drainage for Treating Chronic Subdural Haematoma

Summary. A comparative study chiefly of the recurrence rate of chronic subdural haematoma after two treatment modalities was conducted. Patients were divided into a burr hole strict closed-system drainage group (SCD group; n=56) and a burr hole closed-system drainage with irrigation group (CDI group; n=45). The burr hole strict closed-system drainage involved simply inserting a drainage tube into the haematoma cavity as quickly as possible after minimally incising the haematoma capsule. The introduction of air into the haematoma cavity was prevented, and irrigation was not performed. Symptoms in both groups disappeared soon after surgery, with no postoperative complications. Haematoma recurred in one patient (1.8%) of the SCD group compared with 5 (11.1%) of the CDI group. The rate of recurrence was significantly lower for the SCD than for the CDI group (p<0.05). In 4 of 5 recurrences in the CDI group, the volume of residual intracapsular air was sufficient after initial surgery. These results suggested that postoperative residual intracapsular air is a factor contributing to recurrence. Burr hole strict closed-system drainage is a simple, less invasive procedure with which to treat chronic subdural haematoma and the outcome is excellent. Furthermore, prevention of intracapsular air intrusion during surgery might help prevent recurrence.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石后鼻胆管引流术

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石后鼻胆管引流的可行性及优越性。方法:随机将56例胆石症患者分为两组,28例行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石后胆总管一期缝合鼻胆管引流术(鼻胆管组),28例行常规腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T形管引流术(T形管组)。比较两组手术时间、拔引流管时间、术后住院时间及并发症等。结果:28例患者成功完成腹腔镜胆总管探查后胆总管一期缝合鼻胆管引流术,鼻胆管组拔管时间(7.6±1.8)d、术后住院时间(9.7±1.6)d,明显少于T形管组(28.6±10.3)d与(20.4±3.6)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),手术时间及并发症的发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胆总管切开取石后鼻胆管引流术既能避免Odd is括约肌痉挛引起的胆管压力增高,又能彻底消除拔T形管后引起的胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症,是在胆总管探查术后一种安全实用的引流的新方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中腹腔引流管的应用体会

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中腹腔引流管的临床应用经验。方法：回顾分析2001年1月至2006年6月1650例LC患者的临床资料。结果：1650例中1487例（90.1%）术中未放置腹腔引流管,恢复顺利,放置腹腔引流管的163例中159例（97.5%）引流管无明显液体引出,或仅有少量腹腔冲洗液,术后24～48h拔除,康复好,4例患者术后发生胆漏。结论：应严格掌握放置腹腔引流管的指征,多数LC术中不放置腹腔引流管是合理可行的,更有利于患者的康复。     

腹腔镜肝右后叶囊肿开窗引流术35例报告

目的：探讨肝右后叶肝囊肿的腹腔镜处理方法。方法：1998年1月～2005年12月对35例有症状的肝右后叶囊肿（21例主要位于Ⅵ段，14例主要位于第Ⅶ段）采用四孔法行囊肿开窗引流术。囊肿位于肝右后叶上段者采用肝上入路，胆囊牵引钳或三叶钳推压肝脏使其向前向下，暴露肝后囊肿，囊肿开窗，修剪带蒂大网膜放入囊肿。囊肿位于肝右后叶下段者采用肝下入路，超声刀切开肝结肠韧带，右三角韧带及肝肾间疏松组织，胆囊牵引钳抬起肝脏，囊肿开窗，大网膜放入囊腔引流。结果：35例肝右后叶肝囊肿均在腹腔镜下完成肝囊肿开窗引流术，无中转开腹手术。15例采用肝上入路，20例采用肝下入路。手术时间30～95min，平均46min。无手术并发症。35例病理检查结果均为先天性肝囊肿。术后症状均消失。术后住院2～5d，平均3．8d。35例随访6～36个月，平均34个月，33例无复发，2例（为肝上入路病例）囊肿未完全消失，但较术前明显缩小，无明显症状，观察半年未见增大。结论：肝下及肝上入路囊肿开窗引流是腹腔镜下处理肝右叶肝囊肿的有效方法。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸手术时机探讨

目的探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸的手术时机。方法回顾性分析1997年2月至2007年5月成都军区总医院全军普通外科中心收治的167例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术前行B超引导下经皮经肝胆道引流情况,对术前减黄速度、肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率等指标进行分析。结果在167例病人中,顺利减黄者103例,缓慢减黄者58例,减黄失败者6例;顺利减黄者在肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率以及住院时间上均优于减黄缓慢者;在顺利减黄的病人中,减黄2周及3周后手术病人在肿瘤切除率及并发症发生率上差异无显著性意义;在缓慢减黄病人中,减黄4周以上手术者根治性手术出血量显著小于减黄3周病人,但二者肿瘤切除率及并发症发生率差异无显著性意义。减黄失败者只能被迫行内引流术,但术后1个月的平均总胆红素仍为252.8μmol/L,其中2例死亡。结论减黄速度的快慢可作为选择手术时机的标准,只要连续2周血清总胆红素递减率均≥30%,即可进行手术;反之,则应适当延长减黄时间。     

术中放置鼻胆管在胆总管切开取石探查后一期缝合的研究

目的探讨术中放置鼻胆管在胆总管切开取石探查后一期缝合术与传统胆总管探查T管引流术疗效的对比。方法对我院2005年6月至2007年3月126例胆石症患者行手术治疗进行回顾性分析,其中65例术中采用T管引流（T管组）,61例采用鼻胆管引流（鼻胆管组）,两组术后均经胆道造影证实通畅。结果鼻胆管组与T管组比较,后者术后拔管及胆汁引流时间明显缩短,（P〈0.05）;术后住院天数明显缩短（P〈0.05）;术后与引流相关的并发症发生率低（P〈0.05）。结论胆道外科术后采用鼻胆管引流能够缩短患者住院时间,可避免胆汁大量丢失,并发症少,避免了长期带T管的痛苦,是一种较为理想的引流方式。     

封闭式负压引流治疗软组织感染

目的探讨封闭式负压引流治疗软组织感染的疗效。方法应用封闭式负压引流治疗开放性骨折发生软组织感染18例。结果18例均获随访,时间6个月-1年6个月。软组织感染均愈合,骨折正常愈合12例,延迟愈合6例,无慢性骨感染发生。结论封闭式负压引流治疗软组织感染,可短期控制感染,为进一步治疗创造条件,尤其适用于深部软组织感染患者。手术简单,疗效可靠,适合基层医院应用。     

Endoscopic pancreatic duct drainage and stenting for acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cyst and abscess

Background/Purpose Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using transpapillary and transmural approaches has been reported. In this study, endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) and pancreatic stenting were performed in patients with pseudocyst and abscess associated with acute pancreatitis, and the usefulness and problems of the procedures were investigated. Methods After endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was done, ENPD and/or pancreatic stenting were performed in 13 patients with pancreatitis and pseudocyst or abscess that communicated with the main pancreatic duct. Results ENPD was performed in seven patients, and was effective in all five patients with cysts: the cysts disappeared or shrank. However, the condition in the two patients with abscess was unchanged, and percutaneous drainage was performed. Stenting was carried out in six patients, and the cyst disappeared or pancreatitis was improved in all six. The stent was removed from two patients, but no recurrence has been noted so far. Conclusions ENPD and stenting are effective therapeutic choices for acute and chronic pancreatitis and pseudocysts, and they are superior to percutaneous drainage to avoid pancreatic fistula, but they may not be effective for pancreatic abscess. Selection of therapeutic methods corresponding to individual cases is important.     

Endoscopic transmural entry into pancreatic fluid collections using a dedicated aspiration needle without endoscopic ultrasound guidance: success and complication rates

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFC) is performed with increasing frequency. A variety of techniques for performing transmural entry have been described. However, data are lacking on the technical success and safety of transmural entry using a single technique. The authors describe the largest experience in transmural entry of PFCs without endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance using a dedicated aspiration needle. METHODS: All patients who underwent endoscopic transmural drainage of PFC from October 1998 to May 2006 were identified from the endoscopy database. Data were abstracted from the endoscopic procedure report and the patient records then placed in a JMP drive. All drainages were performed without EUS guidance after visualization of an obvious intraluminal bulge using a dedicated large-bore aspiration needle. The transmural tract into the PFC was dilated using a balloon with a diameter of 6 to 20 mm followed by subsequent placement of one or two 10-Fr double pigtail stents with or without nasocystic irrigation tubes. Successful entry was defined as entry allowing for the placement of stents. RESULTS: No significant difference in the complication rates was observed when they were analyzed for the following variables: age, gender, balloon diameter, presence of endoscopic impression, drainage approach, and size and type of fluid collection. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic fluid collections can be performed safely and effectively via the Seldinger technique without endoscopic ultrasound guidance. The study data will allow sample size calculations to be made if direct comparisons with this technique and others are undertaken.     

Wound infections following open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures with an extended lateral approach

Purpose

Post-operative wound infections (PWI) following calcaneal fracture surgery can lead to prolonged hospital stay and additional treatment with antibiotics, surgical debridement or implant removal. Our aim was to determine the incidence of superficial and deep PWI and to identify risk factors (RF).

Methods

This study is a retrospective case series. All consecutive patients from 2000 to 2010 with a closed unilateral calcaneal fracture treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) by an extended lateral approach were included. Patient, fracture, trauma and peri-operative characteristics were collected, including RF such as smoking, diabetes mellitus, time to operation, pre-operative in- or outpatient management and wound closure technique. The primary end point was a PWI as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results

A total of 191 patients were included of which 47 patients (24.6 %) had a PWI; 21 (11.0 %) and 26 (13.6 %) patients had a superficial and deep wound infection, respectively. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification higher than ASA 1 was associated with an increased risk. Placement of a closed suction drain at the end of surgery was associated with less PWI (35 % vs 15 %, p = 0.002). In this study, none of the previously reported RF were associated with an increased risk for PWI.

Conclusions

ORIF of displaced calcaneal fractures is associated with a high rate of PWI of 25 %. Factors that were associated with an increased risk were ASA classification other than 1 and absence of a closed suction drain placement. A closed suction drain may be a protective measure to avoid wound complications.