经阴道超声对女性尿道憩室的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声检查女性尿道憩室的声像图表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析40例女性尿道憩室患者临床及超声资料,总结其声像图特点。结果 40例经阴道超声诊断为尿道憩室。其中38例为单发憩室,2例多发憩室。均位于尿道中段,背侧为主。环形11个,马鞍形25个,类圆形7个。复杂性憩室37个,单纯性憩室6个。憩室最大径0.9~6.2 cm(中位3.0 cm),其中复杂性憩室最大径1.5~6.2 cm(中位3.0 cm),单纯性憩室最大径0.9~2.2 cm(中位1.5 cm)。壁厚0.2~0.5 cm(中位0.3 cm)。32个憩室呈无回声,11个憩室为片絮状弱回声。34个憩室内多发分隔,9个憩室内无分隔。26个憩室内点片状强回声结石,17个无强回声。43个憩室内均未见实性肿瘤。29个憩室开口位置与术中所见相符,14个憩室开口与术中所见不相符或未得到手术证实。28个憩室壁或分隔可见少量低速高阻动脉血流信号。结论女性尿道憩室的声像图具有特征性,有助于术前诊断及鉴别诊断。     

Bacteriostasis evaluation of the different soaking solutions in perineal skin preparation before the male urethral open operation: a randomized controlled trial

Perineal soaking is of crucial importance for skin preparation before the male urethral open operation; however, soaking solutions vary across the world. The aim of this research was to explore the bacteriostasis efficacy of the different soaking solutions in perineal skin preparation before the operation. Thirty‐six patients were randomly divided into three groups. In Group A, 0·1% povidone iodine was used to soak the 12 patients' perineum to reduce the bacterial load of the skin preparation before the operation. Similarly, combination of 0·1% povidone iodine and 1·6% saline for Group B and 1·6% saline for Group C was used. Bacteria samples were collected in four sites of the patients' perineum, before soaking, 1 d after soaking and 2 d after soaking, respectively. No serious adverse reactions were observed. There was a significant lower bacteria load in Group C after soaking (P = 0·032). For penoscrotal junction, there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C (P = 0·009), and there was significant lower bacteria load after soaking in Group A (P = 0·001) and Group B (P = 0·017). Similar with penoscrotal junction, bacteria load at the bottom of the scrotum decreased significantly in Group A (P = 0·001) and Group B (P = 0·002) and there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C (P = 0·041). In the middle of the penis, still, there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C (P = 0·019), and there was significant lower bacteria load after soaking in Group A (P = 0·012) and Group B (P = 0·006). In conclusion, combination of 0·1% povidone iodine and 1·6% saline solution for the preoperative skin preparation of male open urethral operation is safe and efficient.     

Double orifice mitral valve; a coincidental finding.

A double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) represents a rare congenital malformation characterised by two valve orifices with two separate subvalvular apparatus. This case demonstrates the necessity of careful imaging of the mitral valve apparatus, not only in patients with atrioventricular septal defects, but also in patients with congenital left obstructive heart disease.     

经尿道前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄原因分析及处理

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP)术后尿道狭窄的形成原因及防治措施。方法:回顾性分析21例TURP术后尿道狭窄患者的临床资料,针对不同情况分别采取尿道扩张、尿道内切开、残留前列腺组织切除或瘢痕切除等治疗措施。结果:随访3~8个月,行尿道扩张18例(86%)中,有16例排尿通畅,有2例仍进行巩固性尿道扩张,1次/月;3例(14%)手术患者中,有2例排尿满意,1例患者定期扩张尿道,总体效果满意。结论:尿道狭窄是TURP术后常见的并发症,其原因主要是医源性因素,需根据尿道狭窄的部位及程度选择适当的治疗方法。采取提高手术操作技能、加强尿管护理等措施有助于预防TURP术后尿道狭窄的发生。     

经自然腔道取标本手术在胃部不同疾病中的研究进展

随着微创技术的不断发展,腹腔镜技术在我国胃肠外科疾病的诊治中得到极大推广。在此基础上,经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）结合腹腔镜操作技术及微创理念,既达到了微创,同时美容效果更佳。然而,关于NOSES在胃部疾病的应用报道较少,本文将对NOSES在胃部不同疾病中的研究进展进行综述。     

快速康复外科护理在结直肠癌NOSES手术患者中的应用探索

目的探讨快速康复外科护理对结直肠癌NOSES术患者术后恢复效果及心理状况的影响。 方法选取2018年5月至2019年3月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院行结直肠癌NOSES手术的患者90例为研究对象。按照随机数字表法将其分为实验组和对照组,每组45例。实验组给予快速康复外科护理管理,对照组给予常规护理。观察术后首次排气、排便、离床活动、住院时间及患者焦虑抑郁程度的组间差异。 结果入院时,两组焦虑评分（t=0.744,P=0.461）和抑郁评分（t=-1.879,P=0.066）差异均无统计学意义,具有可比性。实验组在术后48 h焦虑评分低于对照组（t=-5.85,P<0.01）、抑郁评分低于对照组（t=-6.04,P<0.01）,差异有统计学意义。实验组术后首次排气时间短于对照组（t=-2.32,P=0.025）,首次排便时间短于对照组（t=-2.48,P=0.017）,首次离床活动时间早于对照组（t=-3.15,P=0.003）,平均住院时间短于对照组（t=-4.05,P<0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。 结论快速康复外科护理能够有效促进结直肠癌NOSES手术患者的术后恢复、改善焦虑抑郁状况,值得临床推广应用。     

结直肠癌腹腔镜经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES IV式）术后并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）术后发生并发症的相关危险因素。 方法采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,收集并分析自2014年1月~2019年6月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院结直肠外科行结直肠癌NOSES IV式手术患者的临床病理资料。共纳入172例患者,分析患者一般资料、病理资料、术者经验、术中情况等临床资料与术后并发症的关系,应用χ²检验进行单因素分析,并将有意义因素纳入logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。 结果172例患者中,共21例（12.2%）患者出现术后并发症,常见并发症依次为腹盆腔感染（4.7%）、吻合口漏（3.5%）、腹腔出血（1.7%）、肺部感染（1.7%）、吻合口狭窄（1.2%）、直肠阴道瘘（1.2%）、肺栓塞（1.2%）、切口感染（1.2%）。单因素分析结果显示：肿瘤直径（χ²=5.144,P=0.023）、术者经验（χ²=4.412,P=0.042）、手术时间（χ²=4.713,P=0.030）是影响NOSES IV式术后出现并发症的相关因素。进一步将单因素分析有统计学意义的因素纳入Logistic回归分析,结果显示,手术时间（OR=3.317,95%CI：1.024~10.747;P=0.046）是NOSES IV式术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。 结论手术时间≥135 min是结直肠癌腹腔镜NOSES IV式术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。严格把握NOSES适应证、熟练灵活使用腔镜器械是降低NOSES术后并发症的有效保障。     

Clinical Outcome of Isolated Tricuspid Regurgitation

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the outcome of isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and the added value of quantitative evaluation of its severity.BackgroundTR is of uncertain clinical outcome due to confounding comorbidities. Isolated TR (without significant comorbidities, structural valve disease, significant pulmonary artery systolic pressure elevation by Doppler, or overt cardiac cause) is of unknown clinical outcome.MethodsIn patients with isolated TR assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively by a proximal isovelocity surface area method, a long-term outcome analysis was conducted. Patients with severe comorbid diseases were excluded.ResultsThe study involved 353 patients with isolated TR (age 70 years; 33% male; ejection fraction, 63%; all with right ventricular systolic pressure <50 mm Hg). Severe isolated TR was diagnosed in 76 patients (21.5%) qualitatively and 68 patients (19.3%) by quantitative criteria (effective regurgitant orifice [ERO] ≥40 mm²). The 10-year survival and cardiac event rates were 63 ± 5% and 29 ± 5%. Severe isolated TR independently predicted higher mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10 to 2.82], p = 0.02 for qualitative definition and 2.67 [95% CI: 1.66 to 4.23] for an ERO ≥40 mm², p < 0.0001). The addition of grading by quantitative criteria in nested models eliminated the significance of the qualitative grading and improved the model prediction (p < 0.001 for survival and p = 0.02 for cardiac events). The 10-year survival rate was lower with an ERO ≥40 mm² versus <40 mm² (38 ± 7% vs. 70 ± 6%; p < 0.0001), independent of all characteristics, right ventricular size or function, comorbidity, or pulmonary pressure (p < 0.0001 for all), and lower than expected in the general population (p < 0.001). Freedom from cardiac events was lower with an ERO ≥40 mm² versus <40 mm² independently of all characteristics, right ventricular size or function, comorbidity, or pulmonary pressure (p < 0.0001 for all). Cardiac surgery for severe isolated TR was rarely performed (16 ± 5% 5 years after diagnosis).ConclusionsIsolated TR can be severe and is associated with excess mortality and morbidity, warranting heightened attention to diagnosis and quantitation. Quantitative assessment of TR, particularly ERO measurement, is a powerful independent predictor of outcome, superior to standard qualitative assessment.